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Evolution and Ecology
n/a
77
Biology
Undergraduate 1
12/01/2011

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Term
what is artificial selection?
Definition
The selective breeding for desired traits
Term
2 main points of comparative anatomy that supports evolution
Definition
- homologous structures
- vestigial structures
Term
what are homologous structures?
Definition
structures that have diff functions but have develop from the same embryonic tissue
Term
what are vestigial structures?
Definition
seem to have no purpose
Term
what are 3 examples of vestigial structures in humans?
Definition
- appendix
- tailbone
- 13th rib
Term
what is the argument for evolution in comparative embryology
Definition
organisms that have a common lineage develop similarly as embryos
Term
what is a characteristic of fossil records that supports evolution?
Definition
in layers of the grand canyon, fossils of more modern organisms were found closer to the surface, while the more ancient ones were found near the bottom
Term
what idea of biogeography supports evolution?
Definition
distribution of living organisms (or fossils of) throughout the world
Term
what is comparative biochemistry?
Definition
similarity of DNA and proteins within similar species
Term
what is a common example of comparative biochem?
Definition
humans and chimpanzees share 99% of the same proteins
Term
what evidence did Darwin discover on the Galapagos islands?
Definition
there were many different variations in the traits of tortoises
Term
what 2 things did lamark believe?
Definition
- that an organism could AQUIRE or LOSE a trait due to selective USE or DISUSE of organs
- organisms could alter the size or shape of particular organs by using their bodies in different ways
Term
what did darwin believe?
Definition
- that organisms changed based on their fitness (ability to survive and reproduce in its environment)
Term
5 major microevolutionary processes
Definition
- mutation
- mating preferences
- genetic drift
- gene flow
- natural selection
Term
are microevolutionary mutations negative mutations?
Definition
no
Term
what is one example of mating preferences?
Definition
sexual selection
Term
describe genetic drift
Definition
unpredictable changes in allele frequency (usually decreased) due to a chance event.
Term
name the two types of genetic drift
Definition
-bottleneck effect
- founder effect
Term
describe the bottleneck effect
Definition
a significant percentage of a population or species is killed or otherwise prevented from reproducing
Term
describe the founder effect
Definition
the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population
Term
describe gene flow
Definition
change in allele frequency (usually increased) as individuals leave or enter a population
Term
describe natural selection
Definition
difference in survival and reproduction among individuals of a population that differ in the details of their heritable traits
Term
what are the 3 types of natural selection
Definition
- stabilizing selection
- directional selection
- disruptive selection
Term
describe directional selection
Definition
a single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction
Term
describe stabilizing selection
Definition
a type of natural selection in which genetic diversity decreases as the population stabilizes on a particular trait value
Term
describe disruptive selection
Definition
extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values
Term
what is ecology?
Definition
study of interactions between an organisms and its environment
Term
what is community in relation to bioloigy
Definition
population of ALL species occupying a habitat
Term
what are the 3 characteristics of populations?
Definition
- size
- dispersion
- density
Term
size of a populations is what?
Definition
the number of individuals
Term
describe population density
Definition
group of individuals (of same species) occupying a given area at a given time
Term
describe population dispersion
Definition
general pattern in which population is dispersed in an area
Term
what are the 4 types of dispersion
Definition
- clumped
- uniform
- random
- age structure
Term
one cause for clumped dispersion
Definition
patchy resources
Term
cause for uniform dispersion
Definition
competition for resources
Term
cause for random dispersion
Definition
condition and resources fairly uniformly distributed
Term
3 categories of age structure
Definition
-pre-reproductive
-reproductive
-post-reproductive
Term
describe exponential growth
Definition
population growth under ideal conditions
Term
describe biotic potential
Definition
fastest growth rate under ideal conditions
Term
do most organisms reach their biotic potential?
Definition
NO
Term
5 reason why orgs do not reach their biotic potential
Definition
- predators
- weather
- available food
- competition
- any limited resource
Term
describe limiting factors
Definition
any resource in short supply or any behavior that might limit growth
Term
describe density dependent factors
Definition
factors that limit pop size regardless of the pop density
Term
examples of density depended factors
Definition
- climate and weather
- human activities such as over hunting,
- pesticides
- pollutants
Term
Density independent factors
Definition
factors that increase in effectiveness as the pop density increases
Term
examples of density independent factors
Definition
- predators
- parasites
- competition
- disease
Term
describe carrying capacity
Definition
largest number of individuals of a specific species that the resources of a certain area can support
Term
What 3 things happen when a pop exceeds the carrying capacity?
Definition
- experience a pop die-back or a pop crash
- die-back results in a lower carrying capacity
- pop crash results in a drastic decrease in resources
Term
describe type I survivorship curve
Definition
- very few offspring
- high degree of parental care required
- produce later in life
- long life of offspring
Term
describe type II survivorship curve
Definition
- More offspring
- Some degree of parental care
- Equal chance of dying before reproduction stage
Term
describe type III survivorship curve
Definition
- High death rate
- Huge number of offspring
- Most don’t live long enough to reproduce
Term
describe a niche
Definition
full range of physical and biological conditions under which a particular species can live and reproduce (an organism’s “job” within a habitat)
Term
what is a habitat?
Definition
type of place where an organism normally lives
Term
describe resource partitioning
Definition
when 2 similar species with similar requirements coexits (typically smaller niches)
Term
4 types of interactions with other living organisms
Definition
- Neutral
- Competition
- Symbiosis
- Predator-prey
Term
describe Intraspecific competition
Definition
between individuals of the same species
Term
describe interspecific competition
Definition
between individuals of different species
Term
between Intraspecific and Interspecific competition, which is more of an intense competition?
Definition
intraspecific, because they are competing for the same resources
Term
describe exploitation competition
Definition
all have equal access to resource but they differ in how fast or how efficiently they use it.
Term
describe interference competition
Definition
certain individuals limit or prevent others from using the resource (control access to it)
Term
describe competitive exclusion
Definition
one species excluded because another may have the “competitive edge”
Term
what are the 4 characteristics of a community?
Definition
- diversity
- Number of species that occupy different feeding levels
- Relative abundances
- Dispersion
Term
4 Factors influencing how many species occur in a community
Definition
- climate
- resources
- adaptive traits of species
- interactions
Term
4 trophic levels
Definition
- Producers (autotrophs)
- Primary consumers (heterotrophs)
- Secondary consumers, etc.
- Decomposers
Term
describe Symbiosis
Definition
a close interaction between orgs of diff species over an extended period
Term
describe Commensalism
Definition
one benefits, other does not
Term
describe Mutualism
Definition
both benefit
Term
describe Obligate mutalisms
Definition
both need each other to survive (dependent)
Term
describe Parasitism
Definition
one benefits (parasite) other harmed (host)
Term
describe Ectoparasites
Definition
live ON host
Term
describe endoparasites
Definition
live IN host
Term
describe Predation
Definition
one animal consumes another
Term
defense mechanisms in plants
Definition
- thorns
- sharp edged leaves
- pitter or toxic chemicals in
Term
defense mechanisms in animals
Definition
- Noxious chemicals (not poison but annoying)
- Structural adaptations (porcupines)
- Behavioral adaptations (wildebeest – make a ring around the young)
- Reproductive adaptations
- Concealment (camouflage – cryptic coloration)
- Mimicry
Term
describe Mullerian mimicry
Definition
advertising or warning (both the mimic and model are unpalatable or are dangerous)
Term
describe Batesian mimicry
Definition
deceptive (looking harmful, are not) Example – coral snake and harmless mountain king snake
Term
describe Aggressive mimicry
Definition
behavioral mimicry (mimicking something that is NOT dangerous)
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