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136
History
11th Grade
04/21/2009

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Term
Why were Americans more likely to favor the Triple Entente in WWI than the Triple Alliance?
Definition
economic links with Britain, ideological similarities (democracy, capitalism)
Term
why did Bryan resign?
Definition
Bryan thought Americans shouldn't be allowed to travel on belligerent ships and contraband shouldn't be allowed on passenger ships; but Wilson insisted that the Germans stop their illegal submarine warfare
Term
what were four arguments of antiWWI people?
Definition
.1. kills young people .2. fosters repression .3. immoral .4. lets big business people make money at the expense of others
Term
what were the two final events that brought America into WWI?
Definition
1. Germany resumed unrestrained sub warfare, hoping they could wipe out Britain before America mobilized .2. Zimmerman Telegram
Term
National Defense Act and Navy Act (both 1916)
Definition
senators preparing for war before the fact -- largest naval expansion in US history
Term
Selective Service Act
Definition
all males 21-30 had to register for draft (later changed to 18-45) critics: excessive militarism; supporters: patriotism
Term
commission on training camp activities
Definition
tried to keep the soldiers healthy and moral during WWI
Term
what was the turning point of WWI?
Definition
2nd Battle of the Marne -- followed by Allied offensive that forced Germans into armistice in 1918
Term
how did the relationship between business and government change in WWI?
Definition
before, govt relied on industrial committees for advice on supplies etc. but they turned out to be corrupt, so established the War Industries Board which supervised/worked together more closely. business also did well without tariffs, etc.
Term
What did the WIB do?
Definition
regulated prices, decided where to buy, allocating supplies, etc. but had to compromise with big business-- COORDINATED NAT'L ECONOMY
Term
Food Administration
Definition
led by Herbert Hoover; promoted victory gardens, etc. and regulated prices
Term
what were the three new govt agencies intro'd in WWI?
Definition
War Industries Board, Food Administration, RRD Admin. & Fuel Administration
Term
why was WWI good for farmers?
Definition
high demand and high prices -- allowed them to become mechanized
Term
what caused WWI inflation?
Definition
greater demand than supply; liberal credit policies; prices set on raw material rather than finished product
Term
what were two sources of govt income in WWI?
Definition
higher taxes on the rich and corporations (Revenue (1916) and War Revenue (1817)) and war bonds
Term
what happened to the AFL during WWI?
Definition
merged with National War Labor Board which coordinated management and unions
Term
Red Summer (1919)
Definition
race riots caused by blacks entering cities for new opportunities from war
Term
what were the two MAIN economic changes due to WWI?
Definition
increased govt involvement and temporary boom in industry
Term
Committee on Public Information
Definition
headed by George Creel; in charge of spouting pro-war propaganda
Term
Espionage Act (1917)
Definition
banned "false statements" against draft/military and banned anti-war mails
Term
Sedition Act (1918)
Definition
kept people from stopping sale of war bonds and ppl can't crit govt, etc.
Term
Schenck v. US (1919)
Definition
"calling fire in a crowded theater" argument -- free speech suspended when there was a "clear and present danger" (upheld Espionage Act)
Term
Abrams v. US (1919)
Definition
Sedition Act upheld (but Holmes and Brandeis dissented)
Term
what anti-Bolshevik measures were taken by Wilson?
Definition
sent military forces to "guard Allied supplies and protect Czechs" in Siberia; refused to recognize the Bolsheviks, helped their allies, and economically blockaded them
Term
what were some factors that contributed to American anti-Bolshevism?
Definition
angry about Russia's separate peace with Germany; unemployment and post-war recession
Term
what were two events that immediately sparked the Red Scare?
Definition
some minor strikes and mail bombs; a steel strike led by an IWW member (allowed leaders to label strike as part of a foreign conspiricy)
Term
Palmer Raids (Jan 1920)
Definition
govt agents broke into meeting halls and homes and arrested alleged Reds
Term
how did the anti-Red activities cool down?
Definition
civil libertarians always saw them as unconstitutional; conservatives finally began to agree when A. Mitchell Palmer called for a peacetime sedition act
Term
IWW
Definition
Industrial Workers of the World -- radical workers group persecuted under Espionage and Sedition Acts
Term
what were some early preparations made to ready America for WWI?
Definition
Council of National Defense (deal with economic war related problems), increased Navy and Army
Term
Bernard Baruch
Definition
headed the War Industries Board
Term
how did the govt discourage strikes in WWI?
Definition
any male who wasn't working had to go fight
Term
National War Labors Board
Definition
chaired by Taft, made to satisfy workers and prevent strikes. raised wages and gave 8-hour day, but didn't recognized right to form unions
Term
what were two troubles of labor in wartime?
Definition
inflation almost eclipsed war gains; didn't have right to organize
Term
steel strike of 1919
Definition
refused to negotiate and brought in black strike breakers -- strike collapsed
Term
National Woman's Party
Definition
pacifist, antiwar, headed by Alice Paul, a Quaker
Term
National American Woman Suffrage Association
Definition
supported WWI -- thought getting democracy abroad would get them the vote at home
Term
Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act (1921)
Definition
reaffirmed states emphasis of traditional womanhood after WWI -- state sponsored maternal instruction
Term
why was America's mobilization in WWI sloppy and relaxed?
Definition
far away from the fighting; not a lot of central control
Term
Food Administration
Definition
created in WWI to feed America and the Allies -- led by Hoover -- raised money/food by voluntary actions (used propaganda)
Term
what were some ways the government actually interfered (on a non-voluntary basis) in WWI?
Definition
seized railroads after traffic problems; seized enemy merchant ships
Term
Foch
Definition
French general under whom the Allied forces were united
Term
General John J Pershing
Definition
led the forces at the American front
Term
Meuse-Argonne Offensive
Definition
Pershing's offensive to cut German supply railroads -- biggest battle in American history
Term
what did the US contribute to WWI?
Definition
food, munitions, credits, oil, manpower -- but NOT victories!
Term
what eventually demoralized the Germans?
Definition
the prospect of an unlimited American army (rather than any victories the Americans actually had)
Term
what were the only two battles the Americans participated in?
Definition
Meuse-Argonne; St. Mihiel
Term
What mistakes did Wilson make after WWI?
Definition
appealed for the Democrats to win Congressional elections and the Republicans won; refused to take any Republicans with him to Paris
Term
Who were the Big Four?
Definition
major 4 leaders at the Treaty of Paris -- America, Italy, Britain, France
Term
why were the organizers of the Treaty of Paris in a hurry?
Definition
Europe was slipping into anarchy/Communism
Term
why were the organizers of the Treaty of Paris in a hurry?
Definition
Europe was slipping into anarchy/Communism
Term
what was Wilson's immediate goal at the Treaty of Paris?
Definition
keeping the winners from dividing up the territories of the losers
Term
why did the reluctance of the US senate to accept the League of Nations hurt the US' bargaining position?
Definition
because Wilson would have to beg the other leaders for changes/stipulations that the senators demanded
Term
what did France demand in concessions?
Definition
Rhineland and the Saar Valley -- eventually agreed that the region would be under the LoN for 15 years and then vote where they would go.
Term
what happened with Italy in Paris?
Definition
Italy wanted Fiume -- Wilson appealed over the leaders' heads to the Fiume citizens. Italy left angrily and the Fiume people turned against Wilson.
Term
argument between Japan and Wilson at Paris
Definition
Japan wanted Shantung Peninsula and islands they captured from the Germans in the Pacific; Wilson protested and Japan threatened to walk out; Japan held Shantung and promised to return it to China at a later date.
Term
why didn't "hyphenated-Americans" like the Treaty of Versailles?
Definition
thought it wasn't nice enough to their home countries; Irish-Americans in particular thought it gave too much influence to the British
Term
what was senator Lodge's main aim regarding the LoN?
Definition
"Republicanize" / "Americanize" it and claim credit for the changes
Term
what most worried critics of the Treaty of Versailles?
Definition
Article X -- didn't want to be MORALLY obligated in war -- wanted to keep the congressional power to declare war
Term
Lodge Reservation
Definition
14 disagreements Lodge had with the Treaty of Versailles (to counter the 14 Points)
Term
what was Wilson's idea for settling the Treaty of Versailles conflict in America?
Definition
wanted to postpone and make it an issue in the upcoming election
Term
what was the Republican platform in 1920 and who was running?
Definition
ambiguous platform, supposed to appeal to both people who were pro and anti LoN. suggested that there would be a LoN, just a new one on American terms. Warren G Harding
Term
Buford
Definition
ship on which alleged "Soviet radicals" were deported to the USSR
Term
criminal syndicalism laws
Definition
reactions to WWI and the Red Scare -- made it unlawful to even talk about violence to secure social change
Term
why did businesspeople like the Red Scare?
Definition
it let them gain power of the unions by saying they were socialist
Term
Emergency Quota Act (1921)
Definition
immigration for a specific country was restricted to 3% of what the number of people from that country in America had been in 1910
Term
Immigration Act (1924)
Definition
replaced the Emergency Quota Act and decreased rates from 3% to 2%
Term
who was exempt from the quota system?
Definition
Canadians and Latin Americans
Term
what nationality was NOT allowed in at all under the Immigration Act?
Definition
Japanese
Term
why was the 18th Amendment unsuccessful?
Definition
Americans were used to weak control over their private lives; a majority of people were opposed to the law; people had never regarded drinking as a crime
Term
Volstead Act
Definition
prohibition, in addition to the 18th amendment
Term
who was the prosecuting attourney in the Scopes monkey trial?
Definition
William Jennings Bryan
Term
"The Man Nobody Knows"
Definition
by Bruce Barton, and advertiser, that said Jesus was the greatest ad man of all time
Term
UNIA
Definition
United negro Improvement Association -- promoted black business and blacks moving to Africa. founded by Marcus Garvey
Term
what was a sign in the 1920s that the market would eventually crash?
Definition
several hundred banks failed annually
Term
what were the two major areas of speculation in the 1920s?
Definition
real estate (especially in Florida) and the stock market
Term
define: buying stocks on the margin
Definition
with small down payments
Term
why didn't Washington do much to curb speculation?
Definition
as long as people were making money, the govt would be able to direct surplus funds to reducing the national debt, which was huge after the war
Term
Bureau of the Budget
Definition
est. 1921 -- in charge of helping the President carefully calculate the budget for submission to Congress
Term
why did Secretary of Treasury Mellon think taxes should be reduced on the rich?
Definition
forced the rich not to invest in business, so less money was made in the long run.
Term
what are criticisms of Mellon?
Definition
didn't reduce the debt enough; should have raised taxes to reduce speculation (less money to spend)
Term
Adkins v Children's Hospital
Definition
Supreme Court reversed it's decision in Muller v Oregon and said that women could NOT have special protection -- now that they had the vote they had to be equal in all other things, too.
Term
what happened to business under Harding?
Definition
allowed to do basically anything -- not only was the govt laissez-faire, it actually encouraged big business.
Term
why did Herbert Hoover, the Secretary of Commerce under Harding, support trusts?
Definition
he didn't like the inefficiency caused by competition
Term
Esch-Cummins Transportation Act (1920)
Definition
encouraged private consolidation of railroads; the Interstate Commerce Commission had to make them profitable.
Term
Merchant Marine Act (1920)
Definition
allowed the Shipping Board to sell a lot of WWI warships very cheaply
Term
what were two strikebreaking tactics among bosses?
Definition
agitating racial enmity and accusing strikers of being Communists
Term
Harry M. Daugherty
Definition
attorney general under Harding -- very corrupt -- also shut down railway strikers in one of the biggest injunctions in history.
Term
Veteran's Bureau
Definition
created by Congress in 1921 to operate hospitals and job training for disables veterans
Term
American Legion
Definition
founded by T.Roosevelt, Jr. and lobbied for veterans' benefits
Term
adjusted compensation
Definition
one of the demands of WWI benefits -- wanted compensation for the wages they lost to go to war. given to them eventually by the Adjusted Compensation Act in 1924 which gave them an insurance policy
Term
how did America officially end the war with Germany, Austria, and Hungary?
Definition
joint resolution of Congress in 1921 (3 years after the fighting had stopped)
Term
what was one place where America couldn't keep out of international affairs?
Definition
the Middle East -- wanted oil b/c it had proved so important in WWI
Term
why were people in favor of disarmament after WWI?
Definition
idealism, and the fact that businessmen didn't want to pay for ships commissioned during the war
Term
Disarmament Conference (1921-1922)
Definition
all major naval powers but Russia was invited (Am still didn't officially recognize it) -- Secretary Hughes (under Harding) suggested that battleships and airplanes should be limited to a 5-5-3 ratio between Britain, America, and Japan.
Term
Five-Power Naval Treaty (1922)
Definition
Hughes' 5-5-3 ratio, but with concession to the Japanese (Brit&Am wouldn't fortify their Far Eastern territories) another conciliation was the Four-Power Treaty
Term
Four-Power Naval Treaty
Definition
replaced the Anglo-Japanese Alliance -- Britain, France, Japan, USA had to preserve status quo in the Pacific, and the Nine-Power Treaty (which kept the Open Door in China)
Term
what were weaknesses of the Four-Power Treaty?
Definition
no limits on small warships; no way to enforce the laws
Term
what were two demonstrations of American idealism in the Harding era?
Definition
peoples' satisfaction with the Disarmament Conference resolutions, despite their glaring flaws; and the call for the "outlawry of war"
Term
Pact of Paris
Definition
Kellogg-Briand Pact -- "outlawed" war; signed by 62 nations; secretary of state Kellogg won the Nobel Peace Prize for it. Useless because so many ways it could be circumvented -- ex by claiming it was a defensive war.
Term
Pact of Paris
Definition
Kellogg-Briand Pact -- "outlawed" war; signed by 62 nations; secretary of state Kellogg won the Nobel Peace Prize for it. Useless because so many ways it could be circumvented -- ex by claiming it was a defensive war.
Term
Teapot Dome Scandal (1923)
Definition
secretary of the interior Albert Fall leased out navy oil reserves at Teapot Dome and Elk Hills to private developers Harry Sinclair and Edward Doheny -- Fall sentanced to 1 year for taking a bribe, but the givers got off free (although one was indicted for refusing to testify)
Term
what caused post WWI difficulties for farmers?
Definition
automized reapers and tractors made it possible to grow more, but the end of the war meant a loss of the overseas markets, so there was a HUGE surplus and massive inflation of the price
Term
Capper-Volstead Act
Definition
farmers were exempted from antitrust laws
Term
McNary-Haugen Bill
Definition
tried to authorize the govt to buy surplus crops and sell them abroad, with a tax on farmers to make up for the loss, but it was vetoed twice by Coolidge
Term
election of 1924
Definition
Cal Coolidge (R); Democrats were very split but eventually chose John Davis, who was just as conservative as Coolidge. third candidate La Follette ran as a Progressive
Term
what was the Progressive platform in 1924?
Definition
govt ownership of railroads; relief for farmers; antimonopoly and prolabor; wanted amendment to limit S.Court's power to invalidate laws passed by Congress
Term
Dawes Plan (1924)
Definition
Coolidge's vp -- rescheduled German reparations payments and encouraged private American loans to Germany
Term
election of 1928
Definition
Herbert Hoover for the Republicans: prosperity and prohibition; Alfred E. Smith for the Democrats: wet, Roman-Catholic, city dweller as a candidate for dry Protestant rural people and given a dry platform. Hoover was helped further b/c was very charismatic on the radio; was an American success story, etc.
Term
what were some progressive tendencies of Hoover?
Definition
supported labor unions and the new radio broadcast industry; even thought about a government-owned radio station (like the BBC)
Term
Agricultural Marketing Act
Definition
created the Federal Farm Board with assets to help farmers help themselves thru cooperatives; created the Grain and Cotton Stabilization Committees to buy up surplus, but there was too much.
Term
Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930)
Definition
raised duties on food to almost 60% to help American farmers, which looked to foreigners like a low blow which caused international financial chaos and made America even more financially isolated -- Hitler would later play off of this
Term
what compromise did Hoover work out in the Depression?
Definition
didn't want to dole out b/c believed in "rugged individualism" but hated to see people in such trouble -- so sponsored railroads, banks, etc. to create jobs
Term
RFC
Definition
Reconstruction Finance Corporation -- lent money to insurance companies, banks, etc. but not to individuals which would promote jobs
Term
Norris-LaGuardia Injunction Act
Definition
outlawed "yellow-dog" contracts; courts couldn't issue injunctions to stop strikes, etc.
Term
Bonus Army (1932)
Definition
marched on the Capitol and demanded immediate payment of their bonuses, which were payable in 1945; didn't pass Congress, so were ordered to leave -- refused to do so; Hoover ordered the army to get rid of them; MacArthur did so with too much force and Hoover's popularity sank still further.
Term
Stimson Doctrine
Definition
after the Japanese invaded Manchuria; said that America wouldn't recognize territory taken by force
Term
why didn't the LoN stop Japan after they invaded Manchuria?
Definition
didn't have the courage to act; couldn't count on American support
Term
why did economic imperialism in South America become unpopular during the Depression?
Definition
investment dollars went bad
Term
Good Neighbor Policy
Definition
Hoover pulled troops out of Haiti and Nicaragua; didn't like the Roosevelt Corollary
Term
what were three causes of the Great Depression?
Definition
margin-buying; overproduction; buying on credit
Term
what was Hoover's platform in 1932?
Definition
supporting Republican antidepression policies; repealing prohibition
Term
what was the Democratic platform in 1932?
Definition
attacked Hoover's depression policies; balanced budget; social and economic reforms
Term
Hoover requested meetings with FDR to discuss the war debt; what was he trying to do?
Definition
get FDR involved in anti-inflation policies that would have messed with the New Deal
Term
Emergency Banking Relief Act (1933)
Definition
president had power to regulate banking transactions, foreign exchange, and to reopen solvent banks
Term
Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act
Definition
made the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation -- insured individual deposits up to $5,000 -- basically ended bank failures
Term
what was the goal of FDR's "managed currency"?
Definition
inflation -- made gold more expensive, put more dollars in circulation, increased production, help debtors
Term
CCC
Definition
Civilian Conservation Control -- outdoor employment for 3 mil young men -- firefighting, swamp drainage, etc.
Term
FERA
Definition
Federal Emergency Relief Administration -- headed by Harry Hopkins -- gave $3 billion to states for dole / relief job payment
Term
Civil Works Administration
Definition
created busywork jobs
Term
AAA
Definition
Agricultural Adjustment Act -- helped farmers pay their mortgages
Term
HOLC
Definition
Home Owners' Loan Corporation -- helped homeowners pay their loans
Term
WPA
Definition
Works Progress Administration -- created useful jobs; employed artists
Term
NRA
Definition
National Recovery Administration -- designed to help industry, labor, and the unemployed -- est. codes for highest working hours and lowest wages; workers given right to organize and choose own reps; restrictions on child labor; repealed in the Schechter decision -- congress couldn't give legislative powers to the pres
Term
what was the purpose of the 21st Amendment?
Definition
repealed prohibition in order to create new jobs and raise revenue (liquor had a tax on't)
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