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European History
AP course; Chapter 14
56
History
10th Grade
12/13/2010

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Term
Martin Luther
Definition
founder of Lutheranism, wrote 95 Theses
translated New Testament into German
wrote Shorter and Larger Catechisms
Term
Charles V
Definition
HRE, King of Spain, Hungary, Duke of Burgundy, Lord of Netherlands, Lord of the World, had territories in Italy and Sicily, controlled Austria, and almost all of South America, Edict of Worms (1521), formed Schmalkaldic League, inadvertently promoted Lutheranism because of animosity to French king who then supported Protestant princes, always at war, eventually gave up lands piece by piece, works closely with church, sacks Rome in 1527
Term
Clement VII
Definition
kept switching side sides between Francis I and Charles V, switched to France's side, then France lost and Charles V sacked Rome. Cared more about art than German politics. Because he sucked, Protestantism spread. Refused Henry VIII an annulment because of the Protestant pressure on him, and he couldn't go back in a previous pope's word.
Term
Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
Definition
the primate of England, the highest English Catholic church official, tried to negotiate the divorce of Henry VIII
Term
Cardinal Reginald Pole
Definition
The chief religious adviser to Bloody Mary, he and her husband, Phillip II, told her to stop burning Protestants
Term
Elizabeth I, the Virgin Queen
Definition
queen from 1558-1603 - adopts Latitudinarianism, the religious policy that separated the Church of England from the Catholicism, but it's not completely Protestant. Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. One of the shrewdest rulers ever.
Term
Francis I of France
Definition
wanted to be HRE, fights the Hapsburg-Valois wars in Italy with Charles V
Term
Leo X
Definition
gave Henry VIII the golden rose and title Defensor Fidelis. He issued the Exsurge Domine Bull of 1520-21 (before the Edict of Worms)
Term
Catherine of Aragon
Definition
v\Henry VIII’s first wife, aunt of Charles V, mother of Bloody Mary, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Her sister, married Phillip of Burgundy, and had Charles V.
Term
Edward VI (1547-53)
Definition
Son of Henry VIII, furthered Protestantism, and then died.
Term
King Phillip II (1555-98)
Definition
Spanish Armada, married to Bloody Mary.
Term
John Knox
Definition
head of Presbyterian movement in Scotland. 1560 - convinces Parliament to end papal authority, ends Mass, and creates the Presbyterian church of Scotland.
Term
Frederick III, the Wise, of Saxony
Definition
protected Martin Luther, possible HRE
Term
John Calvin
Definition
French humanist lawyer. 1536 - writes the Institute of the Christian Religion. 1541 - invited to Geneva to reform the city and establishes a theocracy and creates Calvinism. He persecutes dissenters and is the head of the Consistory.
Term
Henry VIII
Definition
(1509-47) - Married to Catherine of Aragon, and wanted to divorce her. Act in Restraint of Appeal is passed in 1533, which creates a break with the papacy. The Supremacy Act of 1534 puts the king in charge of the new English Church. Father of Bloody Mary and Elizabeth I.
Term
Anne Boleyn
Definition
second wife of Henry VIII, mother of Elizabeth, beheaded for failing to produce a male heir at the Tower of London.
Term
Bloody Mary (1553-58)
Definition
married to Phillip II, strongly opposed Protestantism because she was the daughter of strongly Catholic Catherine of Aragon. She beheaded a lot of people.
Term
Tetzel
Definition
Dominican preacher who was hired by Archbishop Albert to sell indulgences, made up slogans
Term
Ulrich von Hatten
Definition
lead lesser nobles and knights against the Church in the Knights War of 1522
Term
Ignatius Loyola
Definition
Spanish mercenary soldier who started the Society of Jesus, the Jesuits.
Term
95 Theses On the Power of Indulgences
Definition
written by Martin Luther in 1517 as a response to Albert de Brandenburg's sell of indulgences and how they violated the sacrament of penance.
Term
Diet and Edict of Worms
Definition
(1521) - Charles V orders Luther to recant his 95 Theses and outlaws him, but Frederick of Saxony protects him.
Term
Exsurge Domine Bull
Definition
(1520) - papal bull excommunicating and rejecting Luther
Term
Transubstantiation
Definition
the belief that the wine and bread of the Eucharist become the literal blood and body of Christ
Term
Consubstantiation
Definition
belief that the bread and wine become a spiritual version of Christ
Term
Indulgences
Definition
selling of forgiveness for sins - Thesaurus Meritorium
Term
Simony
Definition
sale of church offices
Term
Pluralism
Definition
owning multiple benefices/diocese
Term
Battle of Mohacs (1526)
Definition
Suleiman I takes most of Hungary from Charles V
Term
Schmalkaldic League
Definition
group of Protestant princes that were fighting against the Catholic princes in the Holy Roman Empire
Term
War of Religion (1547-1555)
Definition
Protestant princes fighting against the Catholic princes in the Holy Roman Empire
Term
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Definition
Charles V recognizes Lutheranism - flaw in that it ignored Calvinism. Ends the War of Religion. All lands that turned Lutheran after 1552 could stay, but those before then, had to revert to Catholicism - ecclesiastical reservations
Term
Cuius regio, eius religio
Definition
whoever's region, their religion, defining principle of the Peace of Augsburg
Term
Predestination
Definition
God makes an arbitrary decision at our birth about whether you're going to Heaven or Hell
Term
Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536/1559)
Definition
John Calvin's book, introduction to Calvinist faith
Term
Ecclesiastical Ordinances
Definition
bylaws of a Christian religious organization, mostly a church or diocese, used in Anglican Communion
Term
Theocracy
Definition
government based on religion
Term
Reprobate vs. Elect
Definition
former were those predestined to go to Hell, the latter to Heaven
Term
Vulgate
Definition
Latin Bible
Term
Knight's War (1522-23)
Definition
Olrich von Hatten leads lesser nobles and knights to steal Church land (the needed $ because of the decline of feudalism and manorialsim)
Term
Peasant's Revolt (1524-25)
Definition
Lutheran peasants misinterpreted Luther's "we're equal in God's eyes," and, and first, Luther supported them against the lords, but when it got out of hand, Luther allowed nobles to crush them. The peasants drew up the 12 Articles. 75,000 were killed. Caused by cop failure and economic decline.
Term
Diocese
Definition
the jurisdictional region of a particular church official
Term
Anti-Trinitarian
Definition
rejected doctrine of the Holy Trinity, Michael Servetus was burned by Calvin for this
Term
Anabaptists
Definition
pacifist who were killed
Term
Latitudinarianism
Definition
the religious policy that separated the Church of England from the Catholicism, but it's not completely Protestant.
Term
Book of Common Prayer (1549)
Definition
book of Anglicanism, written by Thomas Crammer
Term
Presbyterianism
Definition
Scottish Calvinism, lead by John Knox
Term
Huguenots
Definition
French Calvinism
Term
Puritans
Definition
English Protestants, wanted all Catholic elements eliminated from the Church of England
Term
Council of Trent (1545-63)
Definition
called by Pope Paul III, made a lot of reforms
Equal validity to Scriptures and tradition
reaffirms 7 sacraments and transubstantiation
Tridentine decrees: bishops must reside in diocese, no pluralism or simony, forbids sale of indulgences
Forbids concubines
Gives bishops almost absolute control
Requires them to visit each religious house in the diocese at least once every two years
Tridentine decree Tametsi: marriage must have witnesses and priest
Required to establish a seminary for education and training of the priests in each diocese
Church prescribed curriculum, preference to sons of the poor
Candidates need genuine inclination and calling to priesthood
Emphasis on preaching and instructing the laity, esp. the uneducated.
Term
Congregation of the Holy Office (1542)
Definition
created by Pope Paul III, in charge of Roman Inquisition: 6 cardinals w/ power to arrest, imprison, and execute all Catholics. Published the Index of Prohibited Reading. Accepted hearsay evidence and used torture, but only had power in the Papal States
Term
Congregation of the Index
Definition
the group that decides the Index of Prohibited Reading
Term
English Reformation (1527)
Definition
When Henry VIII split off of the Catholic Church
Term
4 Changes Adopted by Reformation Movements:
Definition
Rejection of:
1. Papal authority
2. Participation in any effective international organization
3. Belief in the sacerdotal powers of the priesthood
4. Holy orders such as the Jesuits
5. Vulgate
6. Belief in transubstantiation
7. Obligatory confession
8. Belief in Purgatory
9. Cult of Saints and Virgin Mary
10. Masses and prayers for the dead
Other changes:
11. Belief in justification by faith - Calvinists had predestination, and Lutherans achieved paradise through faith alone
12. Reduced the # of sacraments from seven to 2 or 3
13. Principles of faith and salvation are found in the Bible alone, not in the papacy
14. Affirmed the notion/right of private judgment in matters of faith
Term
5 reasons why the church found itself in trouble in the 16th
Definition
1. The church's sins: Papal ignorance, Celibacy,
2. The ottomans threat (weakened the church)
3. Monarchs were growing in power: took away the money and land of the church
4. The growth of Humanism and secularism
5. War in Italy
Term
Conditions of Europe
Definition
1. Decline of church due to schism and Babylonian captivity
2. Growth of secularism/ humanism
3. Spread of lay religious groups outside Church
4. Rise of national monarchies (nationalism vs. internationalism)
5. Resistance of feudal elements to new monarchies
6. Dissolute clergy- priests behaving badly
7. German Paticularism- German individual liberties
8. The ottoman threat
9. Zeal of Catholic Spain
10. Dominance of Charles V
11. Fear of being absorbed into the Hapsburg Empire
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