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Eukaryotic Cell
cell structure,organelles,endosymbiotic theory of eukaryotic evolution
31
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
09/07/2014

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Term
Eukaryotic Cells
Definition

living cells found in algae,protozoa,fungi,plants and animals.

Size 10-100 um in diameter

Term

Flagella

 

Definition
  • present in both cells
  • long and few projections in relation to the size of cell.
  • In Eukaruryotes: Cosist of 2 protein building blocks
  • In Prokaryotes: Complex, consist of multiple microtubes
Term
Cilia
Definition
Short an numerous projections
Term
Microtubules
Definition
long, hollow tubes made up of protein called tubulin
Term
Glycocalyx
Definition
In Eukaryotes:Present in some cells that lack a cell wall. functions are.
 
In Prokaryotes:Present as a capsule or slime layer
  • contains sticky carbs
  • strengths cell surface
  • attach cells together
  • contributes to cell-cell recognition
Term
Cell Wall
Definition

In Eukaryotes: When present, chemically simple,include cellulose and chitin.

 

In Prokaryotes: Usually present, chemically complex         (includes peptidoglycan)

Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition

In Eukaryotes:Sterols and carbohydrates that serve as receptors.

 

In Prokaryotes: No Carbohydrates and lack sterols

Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
In Eukaryotes: Cytoskeleton,cytoplasmic streaming.
 
In Prokaryotes: No Cytoskelton or cytoplasmic streaming
 
  • Various substances are found within. Ex: Cytosol
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
small rods found in the cytoplasm
Term
Cytoplasmic Streaming
Definition
  • is the movement of eukariotic cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another.
  • helps distribute nutrients
  • move the cell to the surface
Term

Ribosomes

 

Definition

In Eukaryotes: Larger size 80s;small size 70s

 

In Prokaryotes: Smaller size 70s

Term
Ribosomes
Definition
  • they are sites of protein synthesis in the cell
  • larger size 80s; smaller size 70s
Term

Chromosome

(DNA)

Definition

In Eukaryotes: Multiple linear chromosomes w/ histones.


In Prokaryotes: Single circular chromosome lacks histones.

Term
Cell division
Definition

In Eukaryotes:Mitosis

 

In Prokaryotes: Binary Fision

Term
Sexual recombination
Definition

Eukaryotes:Meiosis

 

Prokaryotes: NONE, transfer of DNA only

Term
Organelles
Definition
structures w/ specific shapes and specialized functions in eukaryotic cells
Term
Nucleus
Definition

Eukaryotes: True nucleus consisting of nuclear membrane and nucleoli.Contains almost all the cell's DNA

 

Prokaryotes: No nuclear membrane or nucleoli

Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
double membrane sorrounding the nucleus
Term
nuclear pores
Definition
allow nucleus to communicate w/ cytoplasm
Term
Nucleoli
Definition
  • Only found in Eukaryotic cells
  • Spherical bodies found inside the nulear envelope
  • singular (nucleolus)
Term
Histones
Definition
basic proteins contain in the nucleus
Term

Endoplasmic Reticulum

ER

Definition

found in the cytoplasm 

extensive network of flattened membrane sacs

Term
Golgi Complex
Definition
organelle involve in the secretion of certain proteins
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
an organelle containing digestive enzymes capable of braking down various molecules.
Term
Vacuoles
Definition
  • derived from Golgi complex
  • serve as storage for substances like proteins,organic 
  • acids etc
  • help bring food into the cell
  • store metabolic waste and poisons
  • take up water 
  • enables cell to increase size 
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
  • contains some DNA
  • contains 70s ribosomes
  • produce the energy currency of the cell
  • regulate cellular metabolism
  • Krebs Cycle
Term
Chroloplast
Definition
  • only found in Algae and green plants
  • contain pigmented chlorophyll and enzymes required for the photosynthesis
  • contains 70s choroplasts and some DNA
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
  • contain enzymes that can oxidize organic substances
  • help w/ metabolism
  • oxidize toxic substances
Term
Endosymbiotic Theory
Definition
  • is believed eukaryotic cells evolved from Prokaryotic cells 2.5 years ago
  • The cell called a nucleoplast may have ingested aerobic bacteria
  • This arrangement evolved into symbiotoc relationship in which the nucleoplast supplied nutrients and the bacteria produced energy that could be used by the nucleoplast
  • Ex: Eukaryotic Flagella and cilia are believed to be originated from symbiotic associations.
  • Pioneered by Lynn Margulis
Term
what evidence is provided for the Endosymbiotic theory:
Definition
  • Mitochondria and Choroplasts look like bacteria in size and shape
  • Contain circular DNA (typical on Prokaryotes)
  • organelles can reproduce independently form the host cell
  • Mitochondria and Choroplasts ribosomes look like Prokaryotes 
  • Prontein Synthesis is similar to the one found in bacteria
  • same antibiotic effect that in ribosomes bacteria
Term
Membrane Enclosed Organelle
Definition

Eukaryotes: Present Ex: Lysosomes,Golgi complex,endoplasmic reticulum,mitochondria and choroplasts.

 

Prokaryotes: Absent

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