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| The study of ethics is different from the study of psychology and sociology in that the latter fields are |
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| Individual codes of conduct regarding how one should live, how one should act, what one should do, what kind of a person should one be, etc. is sometimes referred to as: |
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| Ethical business leadership is the skill to create circumstances in which good people are able to do good, and in which bad people are taught to do good. |
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| The primary aim of ethical values is that the well-being promoted through it is not of a/an __________ and _________ nature. |
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| personal, selfish (check) |
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| All decisions within an organization can be covered by economic, legal, or company rules and regulations. |
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| This attribute inclines one to act or to choose one way rather than another. |
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| Few disciplines face the skepticism that a business ethics course commonly confronts. |
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| A firm's ethical reputation can provide competitive advantage or a disadvantage in the marketplace and with customers, suppliers, and employees. |
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| The branch of ethics that deals with the reasoning about how one should act is called |
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| Those beliefs and principles that provide the ultimate guide in a company's decision-making are called |
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| The basis of normative ethics is that these disciplines |
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| presuppose some underlying values |
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| Examining business institutions from a social rather than an individual perspective is referred to as |
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decision-making for social responsibility
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| Ethics requires that the promotion of human welfare be done |
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| in a manner that is acceptable and reasonable from all relevant points of view |
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| Which among the following branches of study raises questions about justice, law, civic virtues, and political philosophy? |
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| Derived from an understanding of the definition of values, it is possible that the corporate culture in any organization can also |
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| DESCRIPTIVE sciences seek to provide an account of how and why people do act the way they do |
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| Ethically responsible business decision makers should move beyond a narrow concern with company stockholders and understand how decisions will affect a wide range of stakeholders |
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| Which among the following phrases indentifies norms that guide employees, implicitly more often than not, to behave in ways that the firm values and finds worthy? |
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| Since it is not required by the law, treating employees disrespectfully in not considered unethical |
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| The topic of 'social ethics' raises questions of justice, public policy, law, civic virtues, organizational structure, and political philosophy |
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| At its most basic level, ________ is/are concerned with how we act and how we live our lives. |
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| Philosophically speaking, values do not need to be positive or ethical in nature. |
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| In context to the subject, Nazi Germany and apartheid in South Africa reflect that |
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| obedience to law is insufficient to fulfill one's ethical duties |
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| A/an ________ approach to business is at the center of business ethics |
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| Adherence to the prescribed law and compliance factors in a given country automatically ensures that the organization is ethically sound. |
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As practiced by many social scientists, provides a descriptive and empirical account of those standards that actually guide behavior, as opposed to those standards that should guide behavior. Contrast with normative ethics, below.
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Those properties of life that contribute to human well-being and a life well lived. Ethical values would include such things as happiness, respect, dignity, integrity, freedom, companionship, health.
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Derived from the Greek word ethos, which refers to those values, norms, beliefs, and expectations that determine how people within a culture live and act. Ethics steps back from such standards for how people do act, and reflects on the standards by which people should live and act. At its most basic level, ethics is concerned with how we act and how we live our lives. Ethics involves what is perhaps the most monumental question any human being can ask: How should we live? Following from this original Greek usage, ethics can refer to both the standards by which an individual chooses to live her/his own personal life, and the standards by which individuals live in community with others (see morality below). As a branch of philosophy, ethics is the discipline that systematically studies questions of how we ought to live our lives.
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Sometimes used to denote the phenomena studied by the field of ethics. This text uses morality to refer to those aspects of ethics involving personal, individual decision making. "How should I live my life?" or "What type of person ought I be?" is taken to be the basic question of morality. Morality can be distinguished from questions of social justice , which address issues of how communities and social organizations ought to be structured.
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Ethics as a normative discipline that deals with norms, those standards of appropriate and proper (or "normal") behavior. Norms establish the guidelines or standards for determining what we should do, how we should act, what type of person we should be. Contrast with descriptive ethics, above.
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Those standards or guidelines that establish appropriate and proper behavior. Norms can be established by such diverse perspectives as economics, etiquette, or ethics.
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Involves reasoning about what one ought to do, contrasted with theoretical reasoning , which is concerned with what one ought to believe. Ethics is a part of practical reason.
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The area of ethics that is concerned with how we should live together with others and social organizations ought to be structured. Social ethics involves questions of political, economic, civic, and cultural norms aimed at promoting human well-being.
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In a general sense, a stakeholder is anyone who can be affected by decisions made within a business. More specifically, stakeholders are considered to be those people who are necessary for the functioning of a business.
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Involves reasoning that is aimed at establishing truth and therefore at what we ought to believe. Contrast with practical reasoning, which aims at determining what is reasonable for us to do.
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Those beliefs that incline us to act or to choose in one way rather than another. We can recognize many different types of values: financial, religious, legal, historical, nutritional, political, scientific, and aesthetic. Ethical values serve the ends of human well-being in impartial, rather than personal or selfish ways.
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| Even if it may not be the best decision made, using a simple __________ might appear to relieve one of accountability for the decision. |
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| Among the following, identify the step that typically follows - considering available alternatives. |
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| Comparing and weighing the alternatives |
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| A person who acts in a way that is based upon a careful consideration of _______ has acted in a more ethically responsible way than a person who acts without deliberation. |
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| Cosidering ways to mitigate harmful consequences, or to increase and promote beneficial consequences is part of |
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| comparing and weighing alternatives |
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Upon discovering a lost baseball glove, Joe decides to keep it, concluding that if he did not keep it, someone else would anyway. He figures, that if not the owner, at least he may benefit from it. This is an indication of a cognitive barrier arising from
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| considering only limited alternatives |
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| Which among the following distinguishes good people who make ethically responsible decisions from good people who do not? |
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| In the context satisficing, the very fact that a decision was reached by __ can convince everyone involved that it must be the most reasonable decision |
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| Which among the following steps involves predicting the likely, foreseeable, and the possible consequences to all the relevant stakeholders? |
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| Compare and weigh the alternatives |
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| cognitive barriers to responsible, ethical decision-making. |
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| An ignorance that is willful and intentional, considering limited alternatives, and satisficing |
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| One helpful exercise for considering the effects of a decision on others to |
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| In the broadest sense, which among the following can help explain ethical disagreements |
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| Identify the first step in making responsible ethical decisions |
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| Monitoring one's actions accordingly when faced with similar challenges in the future, and to evaluate the implications of one's decisions are all an ongoing part of |
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| monitoring and learning from the outcomes of the decisions |
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| While considering the fact that anyone can make unethical choices, the questions that are most difficult to answer are often those that are most important to answer in |
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| Consequences, justifications, principles, rights, or duties are all methods to |
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| compare and weigh alternatives |
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| The ability of losing sight of the ethical aspects while involved in the financial aspect of decisions is called |
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| Specifically, in some people, a set of __ inclines them to, without deliberation, act ethically |
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| The model for making ethically responsible decisions suggest that a certain type of __ can lead to making bad ethical choices |
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| Within a business setting, individuals must consider the ethical implications of |
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| both personal and professional decision-making |
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| Identify the step that precedes monitoring the outcome in making an ethically resposible decision |
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| Philosophical ethics argues that a key test of ethical legitimacy is whether or not a decision would be acceptable from the point of view of all involved. |
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| Business or economic decisions and ethical decisions are not mutually exclusive |
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| Consequences or justifications are not the only means for comparing alternatives |
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| One of the major challenges associated with ethical decision-making is better understood by realizing that decisions involve |
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| the interests of multiple stakeholders |
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| Moral imaginiation is one element that distinguishes good people who make ethically resposible decisions from good people who do not. |
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| The study of various character traits that can contribute to, or obstruct, a happy and meaningful human life is part of |
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| Utilitarianism opposes policies that aim to benefit only a small social, economic, or political minority |
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| The essence of utilitarianism is |
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| its reliance on consequences |
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| Deontological ethical traditions direct us to act on the basis of moral principles such as respecting human rights |
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| What according to the authors will prove best for optimally satisfying the various interests in the two approaches to utilitarianism? |
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| Role-based duties concerned with professionals in business (lawyers, accountants, financial analysts, bankers, etc.) are often termed as |
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| An ethical tradition that directs us to decide based on overall consequences of our actions is termed |
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| A social contract functions to organize and ease relations between individuals |
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| According to the text, if child labor produces overall positive consequences to the economy, utilitarianism will support it. |
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| The utilitarian tradition has a long history or relying on __ for deciding on the ethical legitimacy of alternative decisions |
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| Among the ethical theories, the use of competitive markets as the most efficient means of maximizing happiness, would fall under the utilitarianism ethics theory |
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| Immanuel Kant's version which directs us to act according to those rules that could be universally agreed by all people forms part of the famous "Kantian __." |
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| __ was part of the same social movement that gave rise to modern democratic market capitalism. |
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| Which of the following focuses on the concept of practices and what type of people these practices are creating? |
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| Virtue ethics framework of ethics |
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| According to which type of ethical framework would child labor in any country be tolerated? |
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| Virtue ethics remind us to look to the actual practices within businesses and ask what type of people these practices are creating |
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| Which ethical framework is based on the foundations of rules and the need for them to be followed, no matter the consequences? |
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| Deontological framework of ethics |
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| WHich among the following provides a strong support for democratic institutions and policies? |
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| If a basic human value is individual happiness, then an action that promotes more of that is more reasonable and more justifiedfrom an ethical point of view. |
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| According to the utilitarian movement imbibing the tradition of Adam Smith, business managers should focus on profit maximization |
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| Which version of utilitarianism argues that questions of safely and risk should by determined by experts who establish standards that the business is required to meet |
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| Immanuel Kant argued that there is one fundamental ethical principle that one has to follow, no matter what the consequence. Identify it. |
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| Respect the dignity of individuals |
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| One sector of economists that view profit maximization as a central idea to corporate responsibility are the following the |
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| utilitarian framework of ethics |
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| Philosophical ethics seeks foundations that all reasonable people can accept, regardless of their |
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| Fundamentally, the concept of ___ is central to the deontological tradition. |
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| Requires a persuasive and rational justification for a decision. Rational justifications are developed through a logical process of decision making that gives proper attention to such things as facts, alternative perspectives, consequences to all stakeholders, and ethical principles. |
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| ethical decision-making process |
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| When one is facing an ethical decision, the ability to envision various alternative choices, consequences, resolutions, benefits, harms. |
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| The tendency to ignore, or the lack of the ability to recognize, ethical issues in decision making. |
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| Psychologists and philosophers have long recognized that individuals cannot perceive the world independently of their own conceptual framework. Experiences are mediated by and interpreted through our own understanding and concepts. Thus, ethical disagreements can depend as much on a person's conceptual framework as on the facts of the situation. Unpacking our own and others' conceptual schema plays an important role in making ethically responsible decisions. |
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| Individuals within a business setting are often in situations in which they must make decisions both from their own personal point of view and from the perspective of the specific role they fill within an institution. Ethically responsible decisions require an individual to recognize that these perspectives can conflict and that a life of moral integrity must balance the personal values with the professional role-based values and responsibilities. |
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| personal and professional decision making |
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| From the Greek for "self-ruled," autonomy is the capacity to make free and deliberate choices. The capacity for autonomous action is what explains the inherent dignity and intrinsic value of individual human beings. |
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| An imperative is a command or duty; "categorical" means that it is without exception. Thus a categorical imperative is an overriding principle of ethics. Philosopher Immanual Kant offered several formulations of the categorical imperative: act so as the maxim implicit in your acts could be willed to be a universal law; treat persons as ends and never as means only; treat others as subjects, not objects. |
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| The sum of relatively set traits, dispositions, and habits of an individual. Along with rational deliberation and choice, a person's character accounts for how she or he makes decisions and acts. Training and developing character so that it is disposed to act ethically is the goal of virtue ethics. |
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| Ethical theories, such as utilitarianism, that determine right and wrong by calculating the consequences of actions. |
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| consequentialist theories |
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| Derived from the Greek word for "duty," deontological ethics stresses the ethical centrality of such things as duties, principles, and obligations. It denies that all ethical judgments can be made in terms of consequences. |
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| Those obligations that one is bound to perform, regardless of consequences. Duties might be derived from basic ethical principles, from the law, or from one's institutional or professional role. |
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| As a psychological theory, egoism holds that all people act only from self-interest. Empirical evidence strongly suggests that this is a mistaken account of human motivation. As an ethical theory, egoism holds that humans ought to act for their own self-interest. Ethical egoists typically distinguish between one's perceived best interests and one's true best interests. |
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| A character trait that involves the disposition to make sacrifices for the well-being of the object of loyalty, whether it be one's friend, country, or employer. |
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| Function to protect certain central interests from being sacrificed for the greater overall happiness. According to many philosophers, rights entail obligations: your rights create duties for others either to refrain from violating your rights ("negative" duties) or to provide you with what is yours by right ("positive" duties). |
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| In general, the theory that the rights and responsibilities of individuals are derived from a hypothetical contract between all members of that society. As a model of corporate social responsibility within business ethics, it argues that the responsibilities of business and management are derived from a hypothetical social contract between business institutions and society. |
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| An ethical theory that tells us that we can determine the ethical significance of any action by looking to the consequences of that act. Utilitarianism is typically identified with the policy of "maximizing the overall good" or, in a slightly different version, of producing "the greatest good for the greatest number." |
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| A heuristic device developed by philosopher John Rawls to ensure that decision making is done in impartial and fair ways. Rules accepted by parties behind a veil of ignorance are those made without knowledge of one's own characteristics, interests, and desires. |
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An approach to ethics that studies the character traits or habits that constitute a good human life, a life worth living. The virtues provide answers to the basic ethical question "What kind of person should I be?"
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