Term
| Define: Acculturation process |
|
Definition
| set of internal psychological outcomes including sense of personal ethical identity, good mental health, and achievement of personal ethical satisfaction in new cultural environment |
|
|
Term
| list 4 possible outcomes of the acculturation model |
|
Definition
1. separation
2. margenalization
3. assimilation
4. integration |
|
|
Term
| Acculturation model: Separation |
|
Definition
| high attachment to own values |
|
|
Term
| Acculturation model: Margenalization |
|
Definition
| low identity with each culture; cognitive dissonance can occur |
|
|
Term
| Acculturation model: Assimilation |
|
Definition
| adopt new culture and discard the old |
|
|
Term
| Acculturation model: integration |
|
Definition
| retain aspects of heritage but incorporate new |
|
|
Term
| Acculturation model: 2 categories that are associated with low identification to new culture |
|
Definition
1. separation
2. margenalization |
|
|
Term
| Acculturation model: 2 categories that are associated with high identification to new culture |
|
Definition
1. assimilation
2. integration |
|
|
Term
| how is the therapeutic relationship different from a friendship? |
|
Definition
1. includes contract to work collaboratively
2. helper is compensated in exchange
3. unbiased and client-focused. not seeking to control the client's choices, not interested in imposing religious perspectives, accepts clients orientation
4. goal is to help client regain autonomy and self-determination
5. Sessions focused on client needs rather than the mutual |
|
|
Term
| 1914 U.S. Supreme Court: Informed Consent - "The Root Promise" |
|
Definition
autonomy
every adult with a sound mind has a right to determine what will be done with their bodies
fundamental moral values of autonomy and dignity
meaninful two way conversations
risks, benefits, boundaries |
|
|
Term
| What was informed consent like before the 70s |
|
Definition
hid harmful information
no two way conversations
hid cancer diagnosis and other harmful information to "protect" mentality of patient |
|
|
Term
| what changed in regards to informed consent in 1970? |
|
Definition
shifted locus of control of decision making clearly to patient
and responsibility to adequate relevant information to the doctor |
|
|
Term
| in 1972 a law came out about informed consent. what did it say? |
|
Definition
doctors didnt have the right to determine what degree of information the patient should have
a standard set by law
to vonunteer necessary information
patient does not come in with knowledge to consent or refuse |
|
|
Term
| informed consent: what information needs to be revealed? |
|
Definition
1. who is providing the service
2. who else will see information?
3. reasons for the initial session
4. limits on number of sessions expected
5. how can the treatment be terminated?
6. fees and policies and procedures.
7. confidential information in couple or family therapy
8. what will be disclosed outside of the relationship must be discussed at beginning
9. tell about duty to warn
10. third party paters may demand periodic access to records |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extended clinicans duty to earn and duty to protect
must violate confidentiality to protect victim
therapist informed police
but not parents
made client stop therapy after
two months later killed |
|
|
Term
| Legal restrictions on confidentiality: when patient/client confidentiality be broken? |
|
Definition
1. patient gives clinician permission
2. child abuse, elder abuse, disabled abuse
3. when a clinician has reasonable cause to suspect that the patient is going to hurt self or others |
|
|
Term
| HIPAA when can health care information be shared without patient consent or knowledge? |
|
Definition
1. during litigation (sapena)
2. when the person is police suspect
3. marketing efforts by health providers
4. research |
|
|
Term
| how can we be sure that a patient can give proper consent? (4) |
|
Definition
1. they cant be distraught/disoriented. need to cosnider all options and need to be ready to trust therapist
2. therapist contracts with client to work
3. revists and evaluates goasl often in the process
4. therapist must inform consent client if there are other therapists that may be more effective |
|
|
Term
| what is the health insurance portability and accountability act? 2002 |
|
Definition
| no longer is the patient's permission to share info with other helath providers legally required |
|
|
Term
| what is priviledged confirmation? |
|
Definition
legal term
confidential information that is protected from disclosure during legal proceedings
communication between patient and therapist is privileged with following exceptions
1. court ordered mental health evaluation
2. initiation of a civil lawsuit raises the issue of personal injury |
|
|
Term
| 7 steps for decision making |
|
Definition
1. clarify facts and principles
2. consltation as a trusted colleague to reduce idiosyncratic responses
3. stealth dilemmas: develop gradually; each step seems to ave minimal harm, "moral drift" occurs
4. consider rights, responsibilities, and vulnerabilities of all parties
5. the degree to which the considered action is to meet therapists own needs
6. consequences of each possible deicision
7. frame the right question and relevant standards |
|
|
Term
| 2.01 to 2.06 of standard two (competence) |
|
Definition
2.01 - boundaries of competence (knowing limits, ensure beneficience or refer to other's care, admit when you dont have the capabilities.
2.02 providing services in emergencies
2.03 maintain competence
2.04 - bases for scientific and professional judgments
2.05 - delegation of work to others (delegate when necessary but avoid exploitation, only delegate to those that are competent)
2.06 - personal problems and conflicts (dont take a case where your personal conflicts and interests would interfere with objectivity or create conflict of interest) |
|
|
Term
| what is standard two all about? |
|
Definition
competence
requires humility and wisdom; know when youve hit your limit
knwoledge of the literature
skill to act on the knowledge
ability to effectively work with client
confidentiality making sure clients well being is top priority
take care of own health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. intellectual competence (requires learning techniques, theory and individual differences)
2. emotional competence (which clinical approaches show efficacy or harm? self knowledge of weaknesses and blindspots)
3. cultural competence: void making simplistic unfounded assumptions about cultures based on stereotypes
identities of individuals within groups are always changing, ascribed identities imposed based on superficial characteristics
own set of expectations about certain types of people (implicit reactions) |
|
|
Term
| 4 steps to cultural competence |
|
Definition
1. first step in multicultural awareness if to understand your own culture. individualistic, competitive, non-empathic = america
2. know your own privileges. (uncomfortable realities), be willing to jhave different dialogues
3. let down defenses and see the privilege, oppression, and discrimination ina subjective way
4. what is the process that makes people invisible (not acknowledged?) how do we deal with our unearned privileges? |
|
|
Term
| what is cultural humility? |
|
Definition
be an expert in another persons culture but have capability to observe, learnm understand
realize differences and avoid arrogance |
|
|
Term
| What are three qualities necessary for cultural competence? |
|
Definition
1. cultural sensitivity (awareness and appreciation of diversity)
2. cultural knowledge (reading, consultation with experts, interaction with indiivduals)
3. cultural empathy (ability to connect emotionally with peoples cultural perspective) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Beneficience
2. responsibility
3. integrity
4. justice
5. respect for people's rights and dignity |
|
|
Term
| Explain the relationship between values, ethics, and culture. |
|
Definition
ethical principles are expressions of moral ideas and values
culture is important because culture shapes who you are and your perspective
culture reflects diverse values
"health care culture" |
|
|
Term
| What are the most important ethical principles in principle-based ethics and why? |
|
Definition
1. respect for autonomy
2. beneficience
3. justice
WHY? most cultures endorse these principles. they are standards for interpersonal behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3.01 - no unfair discrimination
3.02 - no sex harassment, solicitation, physical advances or sex conduct
3.03 - no harassment based on age, gender, etc
3.04 - avoid harming patients
3.05 - dual relationships - professional and nonprofessional roles; ex: boss and therapist. makes things ncomfortable
3.06 - no conflicts of interest that will impair objectivity competence or effectiveness
3.07 - clarity at outset of service. relationshis with third party requesting service
3.08 - do not explot supervises, clients, employees, etc
3.09 - cooperate with other prodessionals to serve clients effectively
3.1 - informed consent - except when mandated by law
3.11 - delivering service to organization;s nature and objectives limits confidentiality
3.12 - cover to interruption of psychological services |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3.01 - no unfair discrimination
3.02 - no sex harassment, solicitation, physical advances or sex conduct
3.03 - no harassment based on age, gender, etc
3.04 - avoid harming patients
3.05 - dual relationships - professional and nonprofessional roles; ex: boss and therapist. makes things ncomfortable
3.06 - no conflicts of interest that will impair objectivity competence or effectiveness
3.07 - clarity at outset of service. relationshis with third party requesting service
3.08 - do not explot supervises, clients, employees, etc
3.09 - cooperate with other prodessionals to serve clients effectively
3.1 - informed consent - except when mandated by law
3.11 - delivering service to organization;s nature and objectives limits confidentiality
3.12 - cover to interruption of psychological services |
|
|
Term
| why is sexual involvement unethical |
|
Definition
1. makes the work of psychotherapy impossibke - the method you use to help the patient has been neutralized
2. therapist cannot exercize beneficience in the professional relationship
3. not legitimate claim for a psychologist to have this kind of gratification
4. in a fudiciary relationship, there is an overarching ethical obligation to servivce illegitimate forms of statisfaction that palce the patient at risk of harm |
|
|
Term
| unethical - dual relationships - why? |
|
Definition
1. fudiciary duality to client/professional role
2. client has emotional involvement and attachment; there is a power differential
3. when a secondary relationship begins, affecrs dyanamic of professional
4. includes clients internal sense of person ijn structure of his life
5. outside role gives a different perspective of therapist
6. role slipping, blurred boundaries from small changes to severe bundary issues |
|
|
Term
| dual relationships: how to measure degree of beneficience or harm |
|
Definition
benefits: degree to which the primary relationship is enhanced or diminished determines the positive or negative quality of the second relationship
degree og harm is related to the degree of autonomy lost and loss of therapeutic relationship |
|
|
Term
| clients that are more likely to be taken advantage of/exploited |
|
Definition
low percentage with minors and marriage
patient with incest and sexual abuse 30%
(because boundaries have been altered)
probono or reduced fee: feel like they owe and take advantage
attempted suicide 19% |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of clients that have been taken advantage of by therapist |
|
Definition
1. Roletrading
2. sex therapy
3. positive transference
4. exploitation and exaggerated dependence
5. therapist using drugs or alcohol as part of seduction
6. physical force, threats, intimidation
7. uses rationale to discount |
|
|
Term
| exploitation - define "role trading" |
|
Definition
needs of therapist becomes the focus
slippery slope |
|
|
Term
| exploitation - sex therapy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| think that the client likes you but not really its not about you |
|
|
Term
| Study: sexual attraction to patients |
|
Definition
males 90%
females: 75%
higher attraction in psychology than social work
most report their formal training in this area was inadequate
most feel anxious, guilty and confused about it |
|
|
Term
| Discuss the 7 assumptions underlying the Gottlieb model |
|
Definition
1. The model is applicable in all professional relationships involving a psychologist and a consumer of services. The psychologist's assumed social role is a professional
2. The aspirational goal to avoid all dual relationships is unrealistic. The premise of the model is to help psychologists manage these relationships more sensitively and effectively when they do occur
3. All additional relationships with consumers should be carefully evaluated to assess potential harm
4. Not all dual relationships are exploitive in nature and sometimes can be low risk or even beneficial
5. The model intends to sensitize the psychologist to the relevant issues and make recommendations for action
6. The model assumes that the professional's dilemma is resultant of contemplating the addition of a second relationship to the existing one. Does not account for situations where multiple relationships already exist
7. The dimensions of the model must be perceived from the consumer's point of view, not psychologist. Make conservative decisions to ensure the consumer’s wellbeing |
|
|
Term
| 3. Discuss the three dimensions that are critical to the decision making process |
|
Definition
1. Power – power differential between psychologist and consumer
2. Duration of the relationship - It is assumed that power increases over time. power is lowered in brief relationships
3. Clarity of termination - the professional relationship will continue as long as the consumer thinks that it does |
|
|
Term
| what are health and mental health problems commonly encountered by rural residents? |
|
Definition
a. substance abuse, mental illnesses, ad medical psychiatric comorbid conditions. Suicide rates higher - Three times rate of national average. Poverty -> crime, meth labs, etc. chronic and intergenerational. Quality of living diminished. Hopelessness.
b. Practitioners: isolation due to private office or lack of professionals in area, low resources, |
|
|
Term
| 2. What are possible overlapping roles in rural mental health care? |
|
Definition
| a. Meeting socially and then meeting them professionally afterwards. Friend vs professional; more common in rural small community. Teacher and practitioner. |
|
|
Term
| 3. What is generalist care and how does it differ from care in major cities? |
|
Definition
a. Indiv. without specialty training who function in expanded roles to care for complex, multi-problem patients
b. Issues = working outside of competence violates ethical boundaries. Helping in emergencies. Different professionals resolve conflicts differently. |
|
|
Term
| What are the ethical dilemmas in practice decisions for rural practitioners? |
|
Definition
a. Reporting people in small community could cause rift + you may have to leave
b. Substance abuse of practitioners
c. Not being able to share confidential information. Trouble keeping roles separate
d. Rationing of care – limit amt of ppl you see; esp bc of insurance reimbursement rates |
|
|
Term
| 1. What are these authors finding in Abnormal psychology textbooks, and why are they concerned about this standardized presentation? |
|
Definition
1. biological explanations for adhd, depression and schizophrenia
2. misrepresent the scientific literature to make it look like the cause is only biology. present discredited information. state theories as facts. introduce bias when introducing a concept
3. overstated efficacy of medications
4. overreliance on twin studies – makes it sound like this PROVES it works |
|
|
Term
| List 8 Behavior Analysis principles |
|
Definition
1. do no harm
2. respect autonomy
3. benefit others
4. being just
5. truthful
6. according dignity
7. treat others with care and compassion
8. accepting responsibility |
|
|
Term
| what does according dignity mean? |
|
Definition
| make sure that every client is treated with respect and help them advocate for their needs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Beneficience
2. responsibility
3. integrity
4. justice
5. respect for people's rights and dignity |
|
|
Term
| how do BA and APA ethics coalesce? |
|
Definition
1. do no harm + beneficience
2. respecting autonomy + respect for peoples rights and dignity
3. justice + being just
4. integrity + being truthful
5. treating others with compassion + respoect
6. accepting responsibility + responsibility |
|
|
Term
| whats the difference between a moral principle and a principle of code of ethics? |
|
Definition
| moral principle is universal and broad |
|
|
Term
| what did the committee on ethical standards do? |
|
Definition
in the 40s, gathered information from the APA clinical members to acquire information about ethical issues
more than 100 responses
previously, complaints dealt with by university with academic standards
created a 171 page draft
wanted to create a code that could be lived |
|
|
Term
| what was the goal of the committee on ethical standards? |
|
Definition
| create a code "that could be lived" |
|
|
Term
| what was the biggest revision of the APA code? |
|
Definition
in 2002
changes "principles" to "aspirational principles"
why is this a problem? less important. |
|
|
Term
| what are the three limitations of the APA code of ethics? |
|
Definition
| 1. created by small group of politcally powerful members of a professional. subject to bias; hierarchy within the group - top is more concerned with promotion of psychology |
|
|
Term
| how is the apa code enforced? |
|
Definition
members monitor code and help monitor colleagues and educate/report violations to local national ethics board
consumers report to local professional associations
apa maintains a board to evaluate and monitor ethical complaints
eaach state has independent licensing board that can grant, suspend, deny and revoke licenses |
|
|
Term
| what is the process of reporting an APA violation? |
|
Definition
1. psychologist discovers violation, brings it to the attention of the offender. collegial education process. should correct problem
2. if violation is serious or the collegial process is unsuccessful, psychologist has the ethical responsibility to inform the ethics board
OR patient makes a complaint and ethics board contacts psychologist and reviews the case |
|
|
Term
| what is the acculturation process? |
|
Definition
| set of internal psychological outcomes including sense of personal ethical identity, good mental health and achievement of personal satisfaction in new cultural environment |
|
|
Term
| how is the therapeutic relationship different from a friendship? |
|
Definition
therapeutic relationship includes a contract to work collaboratively
in exchange, helper is compensated
unbiased and client-focused. not seeking to control the clients choices, not invested in imposing religion or perspectives
accepts clients cultural and sexual orientation |
|
|
Term
| what does the u.s. supreme court say about informed consent in the "root promise"? |
|
Definition
autonomy: every adult human being of a sound mind has a right to determine what shall be done with his own body
fundamental moral values of autonomy and dignity
meaningful two way conversations |
|
|
Term
| informed consent in the 1970s |
|
Definition
shifted locus of control of decision making to patient. and responsibility for adequate relevant information to the doctor
there was a law passed that said doctos didnt have right to determine what degree of information the patient should have; a standard set by law; to volunteer necessary information. patient does not come in with knowledge to consent/refuse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
extended clinicians duty to warn and duty to protect
must violate confidentiality to protect victim.
therapise informed police, but not parents; didnt stop therapy after. two months after killed someone |
|
|
Term
| legal restrictions on confidentiality |
|
Definition
1. patient gives clinician permission
2. child abuse, elder abuse, or abuse of the disabled
3. when a clinicam has reasonable cause to suspect that the patient is a threat to himself or others
4. when clinican has reasonable cause to suspect that the patient is a threat to others |
|
|
Term
| What is HIPAA? and when is it applicable (4)? |
|
Definition
health care info that can be shared without patient consent or patients knowledge
1. during litigation (sapenad)
2. when the person is a police suspect
3. marketing efforts by health
4. research |
|
|
Term
| how can we be sure that a patient can give proper consent? (4) |
|
Definition
1. they cant be distraught/disoriented. need to cosnider all options and need to be ready to trust therapist
2. therapist contracts with client to work
3. revists and evaluates goasl often in the process
4. therapist must inform consent client if there are other therapists that may be more effective |
|
|
Term
| what is the health insurance portability and accountability act? 2002 |
|
Definition
| no longer is the patient's permission to share info with other helath providers legally required |
|
|
Term
| what is priviledged confirmation? |
|
Definition
legal term
confidential information that is protected from disclosure during legal proceedings
communication between patient and therapist is privileged with following exceptions
1. court ordered mental health evaluation
2. initiation of a civil lawsuit raises the issue of personal injury |
|
|
Term
| 7 steps for decision making |
|
Definition
1. clarify facts and principles
2. consltation as a trusted colleague to reduce idiosyncratic responses
3. stealth dilemmas: develop gradually; each step seems to ave minimal harm, "moral drift" occurs
4. consider rights, responsibilities, and vulnerabilities of all parties
5. the degree to which the considered action is to meet therapists own needs
6. consequences of each possible deicision
7. frame the right question and relevant standards |
|
|
Term
| what is standard one all about? summarize 1.03 to 1.08 |
|
Definition
RESOLVING ETHICAL ISSUES
1.01 - if work is misused or misrepresented, try to fix it ASAP!
1.02 - law vs ethical responsibilities (find a balance between law and the code of ethics. law first, ethics second)
1.03 - ethics vs organizational demands. (may belong to organizations that do not follow the code of ethics)
1.04 - informal resolution of ethical violations (bring up questions of ethics to the violator)
1.05 - reporting ethical violations
1.06 - cooperating with ethics committees
1.07 - improper complaints (prevent ignorant complaints from happening)
1.08 (unfair discrimination against complainants and respondents |
|
|
Term
| what are the 8 aspects of standard one (resolving ethical issues)? |
|
Definition
1.01 - if work is misused or misrepresented, try to fix it ASAP!
1.02 - law vs ethical responsibilities (find a balance between law and the code of ethics. law first, ethics second)
1.03 - ethics vs organizational demands. (may belong to organizations that do not follow the code of ethics)
1.04 - informal resolution of ethical violations (bring up questions of ethics to the violator)
1.05 - reporting ethical violations
1.06 - cooperating with ethics committees
1.07 - improper complaints (prevent ignorant complaints from happening)
1.08 (unfair discrimination against complainants and respondents |
|
|
Term
| 2.01 to 2.06 of standard two (competence) |
|
Definition
2.01 - boundaries of competence (knowing limits, ensure beneficience or refer to other's care, admit when you dont have the capabilities.
2.02 providing services in emergencies
2.03 maintain competence
2.04 - bases for scientific and professional judgments
2.05 - delegation of work to others (delegate when necessary but avoid exploitation, only delegate to those that are competent)
2.06 - personal problems and conflicts (dont take a case where your personal conflicts and interests would interfere with objectivity or create conflict of interest)
2.06 |
|
|
Term
| what is standard two all about? |
|
Definition
competence
requires humility and wisdom; know when youve hit your limit
knwoledge of the literature
skill to act on the knowledge
ability to effectively work with client
confidentiality making sure clients well being is top priority
take care of own health |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. intellectual competence (requires learning techniques, theory and individual differences)
2. emotional competence (which clinical approaches show efficacy or harm? self knowledge of weaknesses and blindspots) |
|
|
Term
| What is cultural competence? |
|
Definition
avoid making simplistic unfounded assumptions about cultures based on stereotypes
identities of individuals within groups are always changing, ascribed identities imposed based on superficial characteristics
own set of expectations about certain types of people (implicit reactions) |
|
|
Term
| 4 steps to cultural competence |
|
Definition
1. first step in multicultural awareness if to understand your own culture. individualistic, competitive, non-empathic = america
2. know your own privileges. (uncomfortable realities), be willing to jhave different dialogues
3. let down defenses and see the privilege, oppression, and discrimination ina subjective way
4. what is the process that makes people invisible (not acknowledged?) how do we deal with our unearned privileges? |
|
|
Term
| what is cultural humility? |
|
Definition
be an expert in another persons culture but have capability to observe, learnm understand
realize differences and avoid arrogance |
|
|
Term
| What are three qualities necessary for cultural competence? |
|
Definition
1. cultural sensitivity (awareness and appreciation of diversity)
2. cultural knowledge (reading, consultation with experts, interaction with indiivduals)
3. cultural empathy (ability to connect emotionally with peoples cultural perspective) |
|
|
Term
| Explain the relationship between values, ethics, and culture. |
|
Definition
ethical principles are expressions of moral ideas and values
culture is important because culture shapes who you are and your perspective
culture reflects diverse values
"health care culture" |
|
|
Term
| What are the most important ethical principles in principle-based ethics and why? |
|
Definition
1. respect for autonomy
2. beneficience
3. justice
WHY? most cultures endorse these principles. they are standards for interpersonal behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
often polarized assertions
people follow no matter what |
|
|
Term
| list some universal moral principles |
|
Definition
1. not treated as means to end
2. all created equal |
|
|
Term
| When personal empathy or community morality fails.. |
|
Definition
| duty directs the adherence to universal moral principles |
|
|
Term
| list the 3 "R"s of research |
|
Definition
1. replace: find better alternative
2. reduce: use less animals
3. refine: minimize pain, better solution |
|
|
Term
| List vulnerabilities that may affect ability to consent |
|
Definition
1. subjects who do not feel free to choose whether to participate (suseptible to peer pressure)
2. adolescents whose parents are in the room
3. in a group of others
4. parents that receive letter from school asking for kids to participate
5. kids asked to participate
6. kids asked by coach or teacher (power differences)
7. Employee vs. boss
8. appeal to altruism and saocial pressures to consent
9. may think there will be retaliation if refuse
10. food in door technique: comply with larger request after smaller |
|
|
Term
| How do we avoid getting false informed consent due to vulnerabilities? |
|
Definition
| consultation with others - recommendations to avoid abuses |
|
|
Term
| List of people with diminished autonomy |
|
Definition
1. pregnant women
2. mentally disabled
3. incurable disease
4. ethnic minority
5. homeless refugees
6. nursing homes
7. prisoners
8. poor, unemployed
9. psychotic symptoms |
|
|
Term
| who is UNABLE to give proper consent? list |
|
Definition
1. babies (guardian consent)
2. mentally disabled (power of attorney)
3. animals
etc |
|
|
Term
| Research: People that have strong needs are less likely to... |
|
Definition
| reject incentives for participating in experiments |
|
|
Term
| demographics of most researchers? problem with this? |
|
Definition
1. white
2. middle class
false belief that all members of society are the same |
|
|
Term
| why is true objectivity rare in research? |
|
Definition
1. when studying populations considered inferior, implicit bias and ignorance are likely to lead to more ethical issues
ex: gay, poor, color, women, mental health disagnoses, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| U.S. conducted experiments on non consenting humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. competencies
2. values
3. personal characteristics
4. implicit beliefs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List: Ethical dilemmas associated with informed consent |
|
Definition
1. less validity, expectancy effects
2. intrusion into personal information and lives in longitudinal studies is a burdon on participants
3. studies require witholding of treatment
4. demands of funding sources
5. impact of dominant theory models: how a problem is perceived
6. Personal values, implicit beleifs that affect evaluation of evidence |
|
|
Term
| 4 ways to mimimize harmful effects |
|
Definition
1. random assignment in social program experiments
2. assignments done equitably
3. maintain status quo; no resources removed
4. resources distributed equitably |
|
|
Term
| What does IACUC stand for? |
|
Definition
| Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee |
|
|
Term
Informed consent is a process, not just a signature...
How to give good informed consent? (5) |
|
Definition
1. exchange of information over course of study
2. FAQ sessions
3. verbal instructions, measure subjects understanding
4. consent form @ 8th grade reading level
5. clear agreeement; adults do not remember what they cansent to! |
|
|
Term
| 3 Code of ethics included in the IRB |
|
Definition
1. respect of all people
2. beneficience
3. justice (equitable distribution of risk and benefits of research)
apply to all subsets of community |
|
|
Term
| why is a code of ethics important? what does a good code do? (4) |
|
Definition
1. profession must maintain trust of public
2. consistent record of competence of indiviudals
3. actions are not primarily motivated by self-interests, fulfilling minimum obligations
4. COE should inspire moral decision making, not just infractionns |
|
|
Term
| describe research process of drugs |
|
Definition
1. various chemical compounds ceated. use of non-animals/humans in research (ex: cancer cells)
2. 3-4 phases of clinical trials |
|
|
Term
| Research & ethics + animals: what happened in 1966? |
|
Definition
Federal laws were created in U.S.
story in life magazine called labs concentration camps for animals. public outcry.
ANIMAL WELFARE ACT |
|
|
Term
| what happens if you do not meet criteria for unnannounced NIH inspections for your lab? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who does IACUC report to? |
|
Definition
reports directly to feds, not insititution
saves time on paperwork, quicker response |
|
|
Term
| what happens to whistle blowers in research labs? |
|
Definition
protected by federal law
cannot be fired |
|
|
Term
| How can you minimize risk in research? |
|
Definition
1. non-manipulative studies that are stress-free.
2. can study existing data
3. avoid GROUP-THINK during IRB review of proprosals. |
|
|
Term
| What is deception in research? |
|
Definition
1. do not tell purpose of research; lie
2. use of confederates acting out pre-determined roles
3. incorrect information regarding rsearch procedures and instructions
4. false diagnosis and other reports
5. misleading settings: when study begins and ends |
|
|
Term
| what are the risks of using deception in research? how to repair after deception? |
|
Definition
1. embarassment
2. undermines participant trust
3. lower self esteem
avoid risk: debrief to repair paticipant |
|
|
Term
| describe the facebook mood-altering experiment |
|
Definition
600,000 users in experiment; no informed consent. "terms of agreement"
one group with positive words filterred out of news feed, one not |
|
|
Term
| how did facebook justify completing its study without proper informed consent? what rule did they rely on? |
|
Definition
COMMON RULE, 1991
--outlines basic principals of research with humans
facebook states that they can do this because they do not have federal funding. many academic universities were involved; IRBs should have already looked at the sutyd before an OK'd it |
|
|
Term
| How did peoples expectations of privacy change after 9/11? |
|
Definition
1. greater willingness to give up privacy for sake of security (patriot act)
2. one year after 9/11, a survey found that 82% americans surveyed have deep concerns about loss of online privacy
3. 67% concerned about spy software
4. 60% concerned about databases and public records |
|
|
Term
| difference between privacy and confidentiality |
|
Definition
PRIVACY: information that isnt necessarily secret
CONFIDENTIALITY: secretive informatoin; psychological state, private relationships, etc.
violation of privacy isnt necessarily unethical; grey area |
|
|
Term
| When does invasion of privacy become an ethical issue? |
|
Definition
| when the gain is less than the harm caused |
|
|
Term
| describe the privacy continuum. what is at the far end? |
|
Definition
Very public to private.
Ex: making out on a park bench is public, but not OK to videotape it for research
far end = spying on private behavior. expectations of privacy. |
|
|
Term
| why is invasion of privacy harmful in extreme cases? |
|
Definition
harmful because cannot feel safe
may need to feel like you need to safeguard your behavior
discloses information can be associated with the indiivudal and be damaging to reputation, etc.
violates PRINCIPLES. do not treat others as a means to an end
ex: public conversation research, listening and taking notes.
public behavior in bars; signaling |
|
|
Term
| examples of invasion of privacy research (3) |
|
Definition
1. 1938 university study: record university conversations by hiding under beds, in bathrooms, lounges, etc.
2. garbage research: habits, interests, and values; garbage considered abandoned property. residents give consent. researchers had to sign agreement not to engage in unnecessary inspection |
|
|
Term
| contrived observation experiments: waitress touching and tips |
|
Definition
1. gratuity and touching by waitresss study
2. touch on hands had positive affect on waitress. vs shoulder touch
no debriefing |
|
|
Term
| bystander studies & stealing: describe the study. describe the gains vs harm |
|
Definition
1. employ confederates to be thieves in a store. steal in view of customers. bystander more likely to tell owner of the store when they are the only person there.
GAIN: increase awareness of bystander effect, helps quality of culture and increases responsibility of individuals
HARM: participant responds violently towards confederate. may notbe safe to do the same study today |
|
|
Term
| Entrapment study: acter-observer effect. risks? |
|
Definition
-explained behavior as consequent of environment
-students offered people to take part in a burglary; $2,000 payment. others observed and said why they took part in the crime
RISK: psychological harm, shame and guilt |
|
|
Term
| what types of studies involve low risk and low instrusion of privacy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the benefit of participant-observer studies? |
|
Definition
greater awareness and acceptance of hidden populations may occur
ex: sadomasochists are not all harmful or crazy |
|
|
Term
| list the 4 moral disengagement mechanisms that promote invasion of privacy |
|
Definition
1. DISTORT NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES
2. moral justification: promoting safety of country
3. advantageous comparison: we arent seling information like others do
4. attribution of blame: blame the agency, just doing my job |
|
|
Term
| violation of privacy: violates what virtues? |
|
Definition
1. respect - for others privacy
2. integrity - internally consistent code of conduct and discretion |
|
|
Term
| what were the mid-century changes in animal research? who inspired these changes? |
|
Definition
WATSON
studying animal consciousness was a waste of time, because animals were machines and we should only research observable behavior.
humans do not have thoughts either, we just think we do. risk of BEHAVIORISM AND REDUCTIONISM |
|
|
Term
| history of using animals in experiments - how we think of animals has changed |
|
Definition
1. 1800s - Darwin - animals are intelligent. humans are animals
1870s - Locke - animals are not machines, they can reason!
Hume: animals have reasoning skills. symbiotic elationship
Stewart-mills: animals are sensitive beings
Romaines: worked with darwin. animals can feel pain |
|
|
Term
| current view of using animals in epxeriments - view on animals |
|
Definition
-use animals as means to an end, but increasing awarensss about ethics
-forced change derived from laws pased in 1980s
ethics free thinking
laws do not improve life for animals in agriculture
consumer demand for ethical alternatives increase
all research personnel trained on air quality, temp, noise, etc. |
|
|
Term
| animal research: 19th century |
|
Definition
-anti-vivisection movement
cruelty to animals act
needed license to surrgery: animals. develloped pain rule
more concern in 1970s |
|
|
Term
| temple grandin: research on animals |
|
Definition
-animals are not things
-animal friendly slaughter chutes |
|
|
Term
| Singer (1975) animal rights & research |
|
Definition
campaigned for animal rights
philosophical groundwork that animals hae similar rights as humans
can only perform painful experiments if the research is GENUINELY SIGNIFICANT
collateral damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-animals are classified as property, but we do not own them. think we can do whatever we want tothem
-cultural belief that we have the fundamental rights to not be hurt for others' purposes exists.
-animals are the "subject of a life" - indiivudal with beliefs and a sense of self and future. emotional life, pleasure and pain, preferences, goals, psychological I.d. |
|
|
Term
| moral point of view of animal research (2) |
|
Definition
1. animals are interested in security and freedom + living
2. animals DO NOT belong to us |
|
|
Term
| animal research: moral fallacy |
|
Definition
| moral fallacy of saying that animal rights are in conflict with human rights |
|
|
Term
| animal enterprise protection law |
|
Definition
federal offense to vandalize/theft animal research
-protects researchers |
|
|
Term
| animal research; peace plan |
|
Definition
report actual number of animals used
respectfully acknowledge critics
common ground for activists and researchers |
|
|
Term
| Why are ethics important? |
|
Definition
1. not everyone has the same code of ethics; power corrupts
2. some people do not have the capacity to empathize
3. "humans can't be trusted" |
|
|
Term
| Zimbardo's prison experiment |
|
Definition
guards vs prisoners
role acquisition; illusion of superiority
deindividuation (not responsible individually)
anonymity (permitted to act)
"THE SITUATIONIST PERSPECTIVE" |
|
|
Term
| Bandura: Moral Disengagement (4 steps) |
|
Definition
1. Trait cynicism - don't trust others, desensitized to sensitivity of others
2. Higher chance locus of control: things happen by chance, not my fault; luck
3. Powerful others: blame everyone else, not self. displace responsibility
4. Low moral identity: moral values are not important to character and decision making |
|
|
Term
| Bandura & Moral Disengagement: Trait Cynicism |
|
Definition
| don't trust others, desentized to sensitivity of others |
|
|
Term
| Bandura & Moral Disengagement: higher chance locus control |
|
Definition
| things happen by chance, not my fault; luck |
|
|
Term
| Bandura & Moral Disengagement: powerful others |
|
Definition
| blame others, not responsibe. displacing rsponsibility |
|
|
Term
| Bandura & Moral Disengagement: low moral identity |
|
Definition
| moral values are not important to character and decision making |
|
|
Term
| moral failures occur because of... |
|
Definition
| human tendency to attent to data that is relevant to us and ignore what isn't |
|
|
Term
| How can rational decision making license unethical behavior? Give an example |
|
Definition
when it decreases experience of emotions such as guilt
example: Milgram's experiment - shock for wrong answer; deception - how strong of a shock administered? only did debriefing for 60% of participants |
|
|
Term
| How was Milgram's experiment unethical? |
|
Definition
| example: Milgram's experiment - shock for wrong answer; deception - how strong of a shock administered? only did debriefing for 60% of participants |
|
|
Term
| Bandura: What Individual differences predispose to moral disengagement and increase moral acceptability? |
|
Definition
1. moral justification: swear shops as employment opportunities
2. euphemistic labeling - lies are strategic manipulations
3. advantageous comparison: compare with even more harmful conduct |
|
|
Term
| Difference between moral disengagement and moral self-regulation... |
|
Definition
Moral disengagement is a mediator that deactivates sense of morale and responsibility
Moral self-regulation: unethical decision making |
|
|
Term
| Bandura: How do we obscure negative effects? (3) |
|
Definition
1. displacement and diffusion of responsibility; authority dictates group membership
2. Disregard/distort consequences (not a big deal)
3. Attribution of blame |
|
|
Term
| Nazi Scientists: How did they justify their actions? |
|
Definition
| defend selves by saying they don't know what they were doing (probably a lie, because paperwork was destroyed; incriminating) |
|
|
Term
| Nazi scientists: What happened to researchers? |
|
Definition
1. placed in different universities; some discredited and put on trial
2. many went unpunished
OPERATION PAPERCLIP: entire space race from nazi operations |
|
|
Term
| Define: a moral point of view |
|
Definition
| standpoint that is impartial |
|
|
Term
| How to maintain a moral point of view? (4) |
|
Definition
1. Meet publicly ackowledged rational standards
2. satisfy conditions of universality
3. be self-critical, rather than ideological (don't blindly follow others)
4. Promote generalized empathy and respect
--Use foundational principles that are given top priority |
|
|
Term
| 4 levels of applied ethics - list |
|
Definition
1. Meta-theory
2. Normative theories
3. Major principles
4. Institutional values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
broad theory about types of reasons that can serve as justifications
ex: nations that believe people have rights to quality of life but might have conflicting issues like boundaries, government, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Deontological: obligations
teleological: what you OUGHT to do
utilitarianism: end justifies the means |
|
|
Term
| Define: major principles of ethics |
|
Definition
| do no harm, be trustworthy, be loyal to all people equally, etc |
|
|
Term
| difference between teleological and deontological |
|
Definition
| teleological: what you OUGHT to do; end justifies the means |
|
|
Term
| Define the institutional values of ethics |
|
Definition
Campus/department
actions and judgments based under these rules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
human strengths and skills that help us like we OUGHT to
doesnt focus on single foundational principle
ex: physical boundaries - give space, no toucing. some clients may want to hug you but you arent supposed to. use discretion based on virtue; why are they doing it? is it appropriate? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capacity to wisely judge in a variety of situations; able to balance all relevant variables |
|
|
Term
| virtue ethics: 8 individual characteristics |
|
Definition
1. Developing personal skills - motives, knowledge, and character
2. prudence: planned appropriate aforethought and judgement
3. Integrity - internal, consistent code of coduct, discretion.
ex: lying to colleagues; if somebody tells you something in confidence, use discretion
4. Respectfulness - others are worthy of high regard, humility
5. Benevolence - acting to help others; public spiritedness.
6. listening to perspective of people from under-represented groups
7. hope, perserverence, courage
8. High in dispositional trait EMPATHY |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the adequacy of the moral values of different groups; it tries to understand in a rational, self-critical manner how we OUGHT to resolve value conflicts |
|
|
Term
| What is a moral point of view? what must it do? (4) |
|
Definition
a moral point of view is: a standpoint which is impartial
1. Meet publically acknowledged rational standards
2. Satisfy conditions of universality
3. Be self-critical rather than ideological
4. Promote generalized empathy and respect |
|
|
Term
| Define: foundational principle |
|
Definition
| those which should be given top priority in moral decisions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all men act to make selves happy and meet own needs |
|
|
Term
| required knowledge to be a good moral agent |
|
Definition
1. understand ethics and be willing to apply them universally and consistently
2. Have a knowledge of other cultures |
|
|
Term
| Hierarchy of actions within ethics |
|
Definition
Actions -> Rules/Constraints (do what you need to do to pursue happiness within moral rules) -> Principles (do no harm, take turns, etc.)
behind principles have either taboo system, deity that grants you human rights and a government that protects these rights. rules govern the government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
reduce moral values to task/preferences
ex: homosexuality as a personal taste; not immoral because doesnt harm others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains all virtue; arbitrary
take some things out when develop own concept of morality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| states that all values rooted in emotions. reductionistic |
|
|
Term
| what is philosophy/metatheory? |
|
Definition
justification for morality
thinking about what you are doing and not blindly following |
|
|
Term
| how are moral dilemmas resolved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two duties are in conflict. obligations
you have moral reasons for choosing each action |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
normative: rule, rational judgments
descriptive: tells you what it is but doesnt take second step to investigate why/reasons
need to make distinction between taste/preferences (private) and morals and normals (public) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
egocentric: i dont understand anyone but myself
egoist: only cares about self |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treat humanity as an end unto itself, not end to itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
different tribes with historic discrepencies
all of us are neighbors and need to be treated with respect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
because governs public sphere
ethics is about the inclusion of others
dont let differences overwhelm you. its not relative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. morality is public; inlclusion of others; community context
2. moral claim needs to make sense to community. reasons. excuses only work if public accepts them
3. Moral emotions: guilt and shame associated with certain actions. goes with self command. understood by community.
4. Authority to moral values and commands reinforced by community. no personal choice |
|
|
Term
| examples of a moral dilemma |
|
Definition
1.) You are presented with two or more actions, all of which you have the ability to perform.
2.) There are moral reasons for you to choose each of the actions.
3.) You cannot perform all of the actions and have to choose which action (or actions when there are three or more choices) to perform.
somebody will suffer/be affected no matter what choice you make
EXAMPLES:
-take son to park or go to a concert with buddies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2. social moral dilemma: value conflict that is so complex that reasonable members of a community can disagree with each other about the proper solution.
a. Example: dispute over whether torturing babies is not a social moral dilemma because reasonable people are not on both sides
b. Example: capital punishment, abortion, employee rights, affirmative action, and premarital sex are social moral dilemmas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. i. State the specific procedure; : does the dilemma only involve a conflict between personal interests or does it involve duties of station, principles, and/or theoretical disagreements? What level of justification will be needed to solve the dilemma?
2. historical context
3. who are the stakeholders?
4. what is the ideal situation? what principles should guide your decision?
5. your moral orientation: is it faith based? values, principles, etc. |
|
|
Term
| 3 traits that make person suseptible to moral disengagement |
|
Definition
1. trait cynicism
2. higher chance locus of control
3. low moral identity |
|
|
Term
| 4 necessary characteristics for a moral principle |
|
Definition
1. need to apply to others, in relatively same situations
2. take human limits into consideration
3. take presedence over other considerations *religion, law, etc*
4. Duty is involved when persons morality/goodness fails |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
duty based ethics
types of reasons that serve as justification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
what we ought to do, human strengths
generalize to situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| judge wisely in various situations, balanmce all variables in any circumstances |
|
|
Term
| 8 virtue ethics: individual characteristics |
|
Definition
1. MOTIVES: knowledge and characteristics/skills
2. PRUDENCE: planned appropriate forethought and judgement
3. INTEGRITY: discretion, internal code
4. RESPECTFULNESS: others worthy of high regard, humility
5. BENEVOLENCE: help others
6. listening to perspective of others from repressed groups
7. hope, perserverence, courage
8. high in dispositional trait empathy |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of automony: list |
|
Definition
1. autonomy
2. moral autonomy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| independent will, ego-strength |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| live according to moral principles. adopt and reject prnciples |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| explain how own actions respect the moral autonomy of those affected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
law is often consistent with morality and ethics (ex: sex with clients)
potentially immoral (slavery)
limited (some aspects of morality not covered by law)
law = lower level of valiue obedience because code of ethis in more stringent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. happiness is resultant of doing one's own duty, but it not an end to itself
2. moral acts do not occur due to inclination
3. consequences do not justify/condemn act; fulfilling obligation is the point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vigilently avoid arrogance and assumptions about clients and research
honor clients history, life sityation, hopes. but also noting clients self-serving distortions of memory, identity, and expectations
prepared for unpredictability of the therapeutic interaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. choose virtuous fair alternatives because right thing to do, not for personal gain or rules
2. who shall i be?
3. ideals that may exceed minimum of ethical obligations
4. developed in a formative community with shared sense of purpose and assumptions |
|
|
Term
| how is professional different than other jobs? |
|
Definition
1. training and certifications
2. care for the good of society
3. code of ethics and profesional organization
4. serve as vital human need that gives extra strong committment to principles
5. earned a license that can be revoked, not a right |
|
|
Term
| where are accountability procedures needed? |
|
Definition
1. institutional device that calls for accountability, like APA
2. institutional inequality can undermine accountability (APA used to limit joining to only white males)
3. less equal status (psychologist vs patient) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
goal-describing if competing claims; dyty to provide full range of alternative options
decisions are fragile because lives are at stake, emotions involved
differences, individual -bias, orientation, experience
think about who the client is |
|
|
Term
| using a mindful approach is used why? |
|
Definition
human understanding is resistant to change. once adopt schema/opinion, seek confirmation in array of info presented
functional to maintian previous formed schemas (current beliefs about world)
need to use a mindful approach; deliberate opening to other possibilties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collective efforts to rationalize because of illusion of invulnerability
stereotyped views of people that disagree
illusion of a unanimous conclusion |
|
|
Term
| Tuskegee syphillis study: 1932 |
|
Definition
-document course of serious disease
-longest non-therapeutic experiment on humans in U.S.
-found illiterate black men in alabama
-not informed, told they were being trreated for bad blood
-documented progress of syphillis until death
-mortality ratr twice as high as controls
-NY times published an article in 1972 about the study and the patients were forced to be treated
kept secret by government |
|
|
Term
| secret human radiation studies |
|
Definition
-U.S. energy department (1940s and 50s); 1000s of relatives of healthy humans subjects
-pregnant women, infants, terminally ill patients, poor people, etc. given radioactive isotopes.
-1994: information emerged; deliberately harming
kept secret by government |
|
|
Term
| enhanced interrogation procedures |
|
Definition
-psychologist given responsiblity for designing interrogation of Guatanamo prisoners
-water boarding, extreme temperatures, sensory torture, sex humiliation, slolitary confinemenet, sleep deprviation, etc
purpose: to gain useful information about terrorist activity
ethnic complain fiiled - 7 years later ethics committee found lasso wasnt responsible because he did not volunteer for the duty he was given |
|
|
Term
| new york cancer study - 1940s |
|
Definition
-26 chronically ill elderly patients; injected with cancer cells. no informed consent; government funded
-researched fond guilty and placed on one year probation at university. elected president of american associated of cancer research |
|
|
Term
| government sponsored political science study - 1964 |
|
Definition
-dominican republic; U.S. $6 million; department of defense
-systematic description of events that precede, occur during and after a peaceful or violent change in government; social scientists recruited.
attempt by U.S. to intervene in international affairs of latin american countries. sponsored by the army which purpose is to control |
|
|
Term
| rhesus monkey study controversy |
|
Definition
hypothesis of learned diseas in limbs with loss of sensory functions
rhesus monkey research - did surgery to disconnect limbs. undersized cages, animals mutilated limbs when sensation damaged
-conviction overturned. state animal cruelty law ddidnt apply to federal research programs
\ |
|
|
Term
| psychologists role in and after WWI |
|
Definition
WWI led to more recruits; drafts, lots of internships in V.A., more demand for personnel testing. developed a code of ethics; didnt deal with human subjects much until 1959. informed consent
late 60s - research on socially relevant provlems, civil problems
1973: federally mandated rules for researcj. limites too stringent or lax? debate
10 principles created |
|
|
Term
| 10 principles of research (created in 70s) |
|
Definition
1. making decision to conduct investigation
2. informed consent
3. freedom from coercion
4. fairness in relationship - treat subjects with respect, not means to an end
5. protecting participants from physical and emotional harm
6. responsibility to participants after research - debriefing
7. confidentiality |
|
|
Term
| masters and johnsons study of stages of sexual arousal |
|
Definition
OBGYN - document arousal; chose women that had kids already. lab with prostitutes, subjects were med studnets
did a good job at following research principles. v ery ethical even though controversail research |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systematic investigation including research development, tests and evaluation. designed to contribute to generalizeable knowledge |
|
|
Term
| define: human participant |
|
Definition
obtain data gathered thru interation/.intervention with individual OR identifiable private information
gather infor about participant/individual |
|
|
Term
| 1970s - federal regulations on research |
|
Definition
attacked by scientists, warned about limiting academic freedom and delayed investigations
ex: saw prisoners as ideal participants because happened to live under strict/constant condtions
not generalizable to public and vulnerable to abuse |
|
|
Term
| 3 risk of harm categories |
|
Definition
1. invasion of privacy: personal information colected without knowledge
2. confidentiality: disclose information putside research setting, release of data not authorized
3. study procedures: disparity between magnitude and probability of causing harm. ex: deception - could affect employability, self-esteem, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
womens impact of stereotypes on math performance. internalize stereotypes
self-esteem post test decreased |
|
|
Term
| certification of confidentiality |
|
Definition
-granted for studies collecting information that if disclosed could have adverse condequences for subjects of damage their financial standing, reputation, etc.
cannot be supenad |
|
|
Term
| government ethics vs professional ethics |
|
Definition
government regulations have society at interest
professional ethics care about normative rules, conduct, socialize new members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
students believe cheating is not a moral behavior but do it anyways
-perceived morality of behavior does not correspond with their actions |
|
|
Term
| list: 5 neutralization techniques |
|
Definition
1. denial of responsibility
2. denial of injury
3. denial of victim
4. condemning the condemners
5. appeal to higher loyalties |
|
|
Term
| neutralization techniques: denial of responsibility |
|
Definition
| deflect blame to circumstances, another person or outside forces |
|
|
Term
| neutralization techniques: denial of injury |
|
Definition
| reinterprets juvenile deviant acts in order to claim that they dont cause harm to others |
|
|
Term
| neutralization techniques: denial of victim |
|
Definition
| deviance is justified by rightful retaliation |
|
|
Term
| neutralization techniques: condemning the condemners |
|
Definition
| deviant shifts attention to others by placing blame on those disapproving of the violations |
|
|
Term
| neutralization techniques: appeal to higher loyalties |
|
Definition
| justify deviance by appealing to loyalties of small groups, friends, gangs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exercise and abuse power that is closely related to legitimate conduct of business
corprorations ahve power to influence rules because of abundant resources |
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Term
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Definition
people do not engage in immoral behavior until they have justified to themselves the influences of their actions
portray actions in immoral/social value purposes |
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Definition
| mask reprehensible activities, relieves sense of personal gain |
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Definition
| do things that are good to make reprehensive actions appear pale in comparison |
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Term
| displacement of responsibility |
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Definition
| actions from social pressures, no longer responsible |
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Term
| diffusion of responsibility |
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Definition
personal agency is obscured when there is diffusion of responsility
harm done by group attributed to others, not individuals |
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Term
| disregarding consequences |
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Definition
| pursue activities that are harmful to others for personal gain, minimize pain |
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Definition
| no longer views as people with feelings |
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Definition
| fix blame on others or circumstances |
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Term
| moral disengagement techniques: list (7) |
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Definition
1. euphemistic labeling
2. advantageous comparison
3. displacement of responsibility
4. diffusion of responsibility
5. disregarding consequences
6. dehumanization
7. attribution of blame |
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