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Etemadi - Back
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25
Anatomy
Professional
09/06/2008

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Term
What do the epimere and hypomere develop into?
Definition
Somite derived epimere becomes deep muscle

Deep muscle supplied by posterior primary rami

Somite derived hypomere becomes superficial muscle

Superficial muscle supplied by anterior primary rami
Term
List the number and types of verterbrae
Definition
33 Vertebrae:

7 cervical,

12 thoracic,

5 lumbar,

5 fused sacral,

3-5 fused coccygeal
Term
Explain primary curvature
Definition
During the first 2 months of the fetal life, only primary curvature exist

Are in thoracic & sacral regions (2 curves) - these are fetal curves; convex posterior
Term
Explain secondary curvature
Definition
Are in cervical & lumbar regions (2 curves) - these post-natal curves, concave post
Term
What is kyphosis?
Definition
Kyphosis (Hunchback)

Exaggerated thoracic curvature; older people often get this
Term
What is lordosis?
Definition
Lordosis (swayback/saddle back)

Accentuation of lumbar curvature; pregnantees get this
Term
What is scoliosis?
Definition
lateral deviation due to unequal growth of spinal column, kids lean to one side and change growth and get scolisosis, have to watch young children.

erosion or asymmetric paralysis

weakness of muscles

Scapula slides on the back of the chest.
Term
Explain the division of myotomes
Definition
Divison of Myotomes (Epimeres & Hypomeres)

Segmented Mesoderm = Somites (all mesoderm is divided into 42-44 somites)

Somites are origin of all muscle in body

Mesoderm divides into 3 groups
*Dermatome (dermis), myotome (muscle), & sclerotome (vertebral column)
*Myotome becomes epimere & hypomere
Term
What are the superficial muscles of the back and how are they innervated?
Definition
trapezius
levator scapulae
rhomboid minor and major
latissimus dorsi
serratus posterior - superior
serratus posterior - inferior

*All nerve supplies from hypomere (none from epimere)

*Skin of back innervated by dorsal (posterior) rami of C2-C5 & T1-L3
Term
What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of the trapezius?
Definition
action - Adduction, rotation., elevation, depression, (of scap)

origin - External occipital portuburance, superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, C7-T12

insertion - Spine of scapula acromion & lateral third of clavicle

innervation - Spinal accessory (cranial nerve XI) + nerve; C3-C4
Term
What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of levator scapulae?
Definition
action - elevates scapula

origin - Trans process C1-C4

insertion - Medial border of scapula

innervation - Dorsal scap, C3-C4 (anterior primary rami)
Term
What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of rhomboid minor?
Definition
action - Adducts scapula

origin - Spines of C7-T1

insertion - Root of spine of scap

innervation - Dorsal scap C5
Term
What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of rhomboid major?
Definition
action - Adducts scapula

origin - spines of T2-T5

insertion - Medial border of scap

innervation - Dorsal scapular
Term
What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of latissimus dorsi?
Definition
action - Adducts, extenstion. rotates arm medially (attaches to humerous)

origin - T5-T12, thoracodorsal fascia, iliac c, ribs 9-12

insertion - Floor of bicipital groove of humerus

innervation - Thoracodorsal (Nerve to latissimus dorsi)
Term
What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of serratus posterior superior?
Definition
action - elevates ribs

origin - Ligamentum nuchae, supraspinal lig, C7-T3

insertion - Upper border of ribs T2-5

innervation - Intercostal T1-T4
Term
What is the action, origin, insertion, and innervation of serratus posterior inferior?
Definition
action - depresses ribs

origin - Supraspinal ligamentum, T11-L3

insertion - Lower border of ribs 2-5

innervation - Intercostal T9-T12
Term
What are the boundaries of the triangle of auscultation?
Definition
Latissimis dorsi, trapezius,and rhomboid major
Term
What are the boundaries of the lumbar triangle?
Definition
Latissimus dorsi and external oblique
Term
What is the function of thoracolumbar fascia?
Definition
Covers deep back muscle
Term
What are the anatomy landmarks of the scapula?
Definition
Spine, acromonion, superior and inferior angles, vertebral border
Term
What are the landmarks of the iliac crest
Definition
Posterior superior iliac spine
Term
What are the landmarks of the lumbar and thoracic vertebra
Definition
Pedicles (roots) and laminae (two flat plates)

transverse process (junction) and articular processes

spinous process
Term
What are the landmarks of cervical vertebrae?
Definition
Transverse process

foramem transversarium

spinous processes
Term
What are the landmarks of the occipital bone?
Definition
External occipital protuberance and nuchal lines
Term
What are some of the other gross anatomy structures of the back we need to know?
Definition
Intervertebral disc

Intervertebral foramen

Atlas

First thoracic spine (part of axis)

vertebral foramen

vertebral canal

mastoid process

primary and secondary curvatures
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