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Esophagus
Anatomy
28
Biology
Graduate
07/06/2011

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Term
Esophagus
Def:
Definition
DEF: A muscular tube about 25 cm long connecting the pharynx to the stomach.
Lies anterior to prevertebral fascia
Term
BEGINNING:
Definition
BEGINNING: pharyngo-esophageal junction, the narrowest part of the esophagus, produced by cricopharyngeus part of inferior constrictor muscle = superior esophageal sphincter.
Term
Diseases of striated muscle:
Definition
myasthenia gravis which causes dysphagia (problem with swallowing)
Term
Diseases of smooth muscle:
Definition
scleroderma (smooth muscle replaced by scar tissue)
Term
INNERVATION: Meissner Plexus
Definition
Submucosa
Term
INNERVATION: Circular muscle
Definition
Auerbach/Myenteric plexus
contraction causes an increase in luminal pressure
Term
Longitudinal muscle
Definition
Vagus Nerve
contraction causes shortening
Term
How does peristaltic reflex work?
Definition
Food elicits the peristaltic reflex mediated by the enteric nervous system that propels the food toward the stomach.
Term
Sympathetic supply
Definition
thoracic sympathetic chain T1-T4 or T6 and greatersplanchnic nerves
sympathetic also conducts pain fibers
Term
Parasympathetic fibres
Definition
derived from vagus--Left vagus forms anterior trunk, Right vagus forms posterior trunk
and from recurrent laryngeal nerve for the upper esophagus and from the esophageal plexus for the middle and lower esophagus
Term
Achalasia
Definition
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES), at opening of stomach, fails to relax and allow food in
Term
Types of Achalasia
Definition
PRIMARY: idiopathic loss of inhibitory neural innervation (NOS/VIP); autoimmunity,
SECONDARY: secondary to Chagas disease (= damage of myenteric plexus of esophagus, duodenum, colon & ureter by Trypanosoma cruzi (also myocardium),
Term
Blood supply Oesophagus
Definition
arterial blood: from inferior thyrooid artery from branches of aorta, and from left gastric artery.
venous blood drains the inferior thyroid, azygos, and left gastric veins

Communication btwn azygous and left gastric veins in wall of esophagus and upper stomach forms a clinically important portosystemic anastomosis
Term
Esophageal varices
Definition
caused by portal hypertension, arise in dilated & tortuous veins within submucosa around gastro-esophageal junction and if overlying mucosa is eroded it will bleed to cause massive haematemesis & death in 50-67% of people
leading cause: Liver cirrhosis from alcoholism & hepatic schistosomiasis
Term
Upper endoscopy, EGD (esophagogastroduodenoscopy):
Definition
A flexible tube with a camera on its end (endoscope) is inserted through the mouth. The endoscope allows examination of the stomach and duodenum (small intestine).
Term
Esophageal pH monitoring:
Definition
A probe that monitors acidity (pH) is introduced into the esophagus. Monitoring pH can help identify GERD and follow the response to treatment.
Term
Barium swallow:
Definition
A person swallows a barium solution, then X-ray films are taken of the esophagus and stomach. Most often, a barium swallow is used to seek the cause of difficulty swallowing or dysphasia
Term
Heartburn:
Definition
An incompletely closed LES allows acidic stomach contents to back up (reflux) into the esophagus. Reflux can cause heartburn, cough or hoarseness, or no symptoms at all.
Term
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD):
Definition
When reflux occurs frequently or is bothersome, it's called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Term
Esophagitis:
Definition
Inflammation of the esophagus. Esophagitis can be due to irritation (as from reflux) or infection.
Term
Barrett's esophagus:
Definition
Regular reflux of stomach acid irritates the esophagus, which may cause the lower part to change its structure. Very infrequently, Barrett's esophagus progresses to esophageal cancer.
Term
Esophageal ulcer:
Definition
An erosion in an area of the lining of the esophagus. This is often caused by chronic reflux.
Term
Esophageal stricture (blockage):
Definition
A narrowing of the esophagus. Chronic irritation from reflux is the usual cause of esophageal strictures.
Term
Esophageal cancer:
Definition
Although serious, cancer of the esophagus is uncommon. Risk factors for esophageal cancer include smoking, heavy drinking, and chronic reflux.
Term
DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIAS
Definition
FROM WEAKENED ESOPHAGEAL HIATUS = HIATAL HERNIA
- SLIDING
- ROLLING (PARAESOPHAGEAL)
Term
MALLORY-WEISS SYNDROME****
Definition
longitudinal tear at esophago-gastric junction due to retching or vomiting,
TEAR: mucosal tear (Mallory Weiss). When the tear is total, the syndrome is called Boerhaave syndrome (total wall tear)
PATHOGENESIS: inadequate relaxation of LES
ASSOCIATIONS: seen in 75% of hiatal hernias
Term
BOERHAAVE'S SYNDROME
Definition
Forceful protracted vomiting giving rise to sudden RUPTURE of esophagus
Term
TRACHEO-ESOPHAGEAL FISTULA & ESOPHAGEAL ATRESIA
Definition
Incomplete partitioning by the tracheo-esophageal septum.
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