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Equine Pregnancy & Twins
Exam 2
37
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
10/04/2016

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Cards

Term
Fertilizaiton of the equine ova occurs in the ______ of the uterine tube.
Definition
-ampulla
Term
The uterotubula junction is thought to be the main site for what in the mare?
Definition
-capacitaiton and selection of sperm
Term
True or False: Hormonally, the initaly 14 days of pregnancy are the same as in a non-pregnant mare.
Definition
-TRUE
Term
In the mare, when does the embryo enter the uterus?
Definition
-Day 6
Term
What day is ideal to recover embryos via uteirne lavage for transfer in the mare? What stage is this?
Definition
-day 7
-late morula or blastocyst
Term
In the mare, when is an embryo first visible on ultrasound? What happens hormonally?
Definition
-day 11-12
-estrogen produced
Term
In the mare, when does the embryo faxate at the uterine horn base?
Definition
-day 16-17
Term
What does the embryo look like on ultrasound around day 19-20?
Definition
-like a slice of pie
Term
In the mare, when can you first see the heartbeat on ultrasound?
Definition
-day 22-23
Term
When do endometrial cups develop in the mare? What do they secrete and why?
Definition
-day 38
-secrete eCG to support pregnancy
Term
When do endometrial cups slough off in the mare?
Definition
-day 130
Term
What are the specific functions of the eCG produced by the endometrial cups in the mare?
Definition
-maintains primary CL via P4 pdn
-assist in formation of supplemental CLs
Term
What is pregnancy loss?
Definition
-if embryo fails to continue to develop or it it is induced
Term
If the pregnancy loss occurs <36-40 days, what happens to the mare?
Definition
-return to estrus <30 days
-only primary CL is present
Term
IF pregnancy loss occus >36-40 days in mare hwat happens to her?
Definition
-eCG is present thus may be up to 3+ months before she returns to estrus b/c multiple CLs present
Term
From where does P4 come from up to day 50-70 in the mare during pregnancy?
Definition
-ovaries
Term
Where does P4 come rom after day 50-70 in the mare?
Definition
-fetoplacental unit
Term
What levels of P4 are needed to maintain pregnancy in the mare?
Definition
-2 ug/ml
Term
Size of what dictates the size of the fetus in horses?
Definition
-size of the mare
Term
Why is fetal malposition less common in mares than in cows?
Definition
-generaly prevented by hind limb trapping in a uterine horn by month 8
Term
What are the three situations in which twinning can result from in the mare?
Definition
-ONe egg/ovulation: aka monozygotic twins; identical genomes and result of splitting of a fertilized ovum
-Two eggs/ovulaitons: dizygotic twins having different genomes
-Two eggs/one ovulation: also dizygotic but rare
Term
Regarding equine twins, greater than ___& are dizygotic. Result from what?
Definition
-95%
-synchronous ovulations occuring wihtin 24 hrs of each other OR ASYNCHRONOUS OVULATIONS OCCURING GREATER THAN 24 HRS APART
Term
Which horse breeds are predisposed to twinning?
Definition
-Thoroughbred and Draft mares
Term
What are the possible outcomes of twinning in mares? Which is most likely to occur?
Definition
-birth of a single foal >> loss of both >>>>>>>> carry both to term (both dead >>> one live > both live)
Term
Mares with twin pregnancies may require ___ at birth.
Definition
-assisted vaginal delivery
Term
Describe the surviving foals that result from twinning in mares.
Definition
-weaker, smaller
Term
What complication has a higher incidence in twinning mares?
Definition
-retained placenta
Term
What is the best case scenario with twinning in mares?
Definition
-unilateral fixation that results in one twin reduced by the other twin
Term
What is the worst case scenario with twinning in mares?
Definition
-bilateral fixation where both embryos grow beyod day 40 gestation
Term
If you think a mare might twin, what do you do?
Definition
-nothing, let her be bred anyway
Term
If you think a mare might have twins, when do you check her?
Definition
-14d
Term
What are some of the methods of embryonic/fetal reduction?
Definition
-manual crushing/pinching
-US assisted crushing
-transvaginal US guided aspiration
-cervical dislocation
-US guided intracardiac puncture
-termination of pregnancy
Term
At what day does endometrial cup formation occur?
Definition
-Day 36-40
Term
How does the time of endometrial cup formation affect when you terminate a twin pregnancy?
Definition
-Before Day 35/ no endometrial cup formation: prostaglandins will lyse the singular CL present currently supporting pregnancy
-After Day 35/cups are formed: multiple doses of prostaglandins
Term
What do you assess to check the fetus?
Definition
-fetal heart rate
-fetal activity
-fetal breathing movements
Term
How do we check uteroplacental thickness?
Definition
-transrectal US: at level of the cervical star
-transabdominal US: avoid fetal compression and placental folds
Term
What are the CTUP rules of thumb for day 270, 271-300, 301-330, 331-term?
Definition
-up to day 270: 7mm
-Day 271-300: 8mm
-Day 301-330: 10mm
-Day 331-term: 12 mm
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