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Equine Medicine
All topics Equine
168
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 4
04/12/2016

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Term
Allograft
Definition
A tissue graft transferred b/w two members of the same Species
Term
Autograft
Definition
Tissue graft transferred from one area to another on the body of one animal.
Term
Xenograft
Definition
Tissue graft transferred from one member of one species to a member from another species.,
Term
Types of free tissue graft
Definition
Island graft - punch, pinch or tunnel.
Sheet graft - full or semi thickness
Term
physiology of graft acceptance?
Definition
1.adhereance - bia fibrin initally and collagen- with vessels and fibroblasts growing in d5
2. plasmatic imbibition - graft becomes oedematous as it gains nourishment passively from open vessels
3. Revascularisation -
Inosculation - after 48hrs capillaries or recip bed transverse and anastomose with graft
Neovascularistion - new vessels of recip bed form and join with the graft
4. Vascular bridging - allows an overlying non vascular protion of the graft to be vascularised
Term
3 most comon reasons for graft failure
Definition
Infection,
Movement
Fluid accumulation beneath graft
Term
Common sites to take a pinch graft from
Definition
neck, pectorials and perineum
Term
Common sites to take a punch graft from?
Definition
neck, Ventral pectorals
Term
Advantages od Island skin grafting?
Definition
little expertise, no soecial equipment neededm recip bed status not critical
Term
care of a grafted wound
Definition
non adherent dressing and bandage
Term
Causes of pruritis in horses
Definition
Lice - winter aka Damalinia
mites - Choroptes equie - leg mites
Insect iritiation
Term
Treatment of pediculosis in horses?
Definition
pyrethrins
Ivermectin
Term
Treatment of Mites in horses?
Definition
Fipronil
or systemic arcaricides - ivermectin
Term
Sweet itch in horses
Treatment
Definition
a hypersensitivity reactin type 1 and 4 to culicoides midges
Teat with corticosteroids
antihistamines
Term
Rain scald - what is it and the treament?
Definition
Dermatophilosis congelensis infection - gram +ve anaerobe
Causes exudtive dermatitis over the back area
Treat with - crust removal and washing with dilute cholorhexidine
Keep them dry
Term
Possible treatment options for equine sarcoids?
Definition
conventional surgery
Cryosurgery
Laser surgery
ligation
chemotherapy
AW4 Ludes cream
Radiotherapy
immunotherpy
leave alone
Term
Paranasal Sinusitis?
Types, what is it?
Definition
Infection of the paransal sinuses
Primary:- following an URT infection eg fungal
and secondary:- due to an infection of an associated structures - eg infection of a tooth root, trauma to facial bones, expanding mass
Young horses - often have 1y and older horses often have 2y
Term
Ddx of paransal sinutis?
Definition
discharge from one nostril - unilateral sinuses or nasal cavity

Both nostrils if - gutteral pouch, nasopharynx
Lungs
Term
clinical signs of paransal sinusitis?
Definition
persistant nasal discharge - purulent
enlarged submandicular LNs
obstructed outflow
facial distortion
halitosis
head tilt
reduced resonance to sinus percusion
Term
what would you see on imaging of the sinuses?
Definition
- Increased opacity
fluid lines
Term
When culturing bacteria from primary and secondary sinusitis - what would you expect?
Definition
Primary - Beta heamolytic streps
Secondary - multiple
Term
Treatment of paranasal sinusitis?
Definition
lavage
broad spec Ab - penicillin
Removal of causative - if primary sinusitis
eg antifungals like fluconizole
Term
insipidated pus in the ventral conchal sinus
Definition
occurs when sinusitis fails to resolve
remove the ventral conchal bulla and flush out
Term
best type of standing sedation in horses?
Definition
detomidine and butorphanol
Term
what is an atheroma?
Definition
an epidermal inclusion cyst in the nasal diverticulum
Term
clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease in horses
Definition
discharge
noises - at rest or inspiratory at exercise
dysphagia
cough
Term
pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplsia?
Definition
Diffuse inflammation - immune responce due to exposure of infection
young horse problem
Tx - with rest and NSAIDS
Term
Epiglottic entrapment
Definition
mucosa ventral to the aryepiglottic folds can become displaced above the epiglottis
causes cough and exercise intolerance
Dx - endoscopy
Term
laryngeal hemiplegia?
Definition
big cause of reduced performance in horses
One side - usually the left arytenoid cartilage wont abduct because it is paralysed
- neurogenic muscle atrophy
damage or dysfunction to the recurrent laryngeal nerve
Term
causes of laryngeal hemiplegia?
Definition
genetic
damage to the nerve
- eg perivascular injections
Term
best surgical option for laryngeal hemiplegia?
Definition
tie back aka laryngoplasty
Term
two types of dorsally displaced soft palate (ddsp)
Definition
intermittent - expiratory noiseand only occurs at high speeds

Permanent - reduced performance, dysphagia
secondary to neurological problems
Term
surgical treatment of DDSP?
Definition
tie forward - to lift the larxyn rostral and dorsal
Term
ddx for epistaxis in horses
at rest
at exercise
after trauma
Definition
Rest - gutteral pouch mycosis, ethnoidal heamatoma, nasal polyp

Exercise - Exercise induced pulmonary heamorhage

Trauma - sinus trauma1
Term
Rao?
Definition
recurrent airway obstruction
non infectious LRT dz
likely a hypersensitivity responce from inhaling some forn of allergen in dust
so get a neutrophil influx and bronchospasm
Disease is permanent but clincal signs are recurrent
Term
Clinical signs of RAO
Definition
subtle
cough
Discharge
ecpiratory effort
nostril flaring
Term
Treatment of RAO
Definition
reduce inflammation, bronchoconstriction, bronchospasm, viscosity etc
treat any obstruction
prevent reoccurance
environmental change/management
drugs
Term
Drugs used for RAO
Definition
corticosteroids
Term
bronchodilators for RAO?
Definition
beta-1 agonists allow easy breathing by prevent bronchoconstriction
Term
Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) in horses?
Definition
young athletic horses usually
will have exercise intolerance, cough, increased respiratory secretions
Simialar treatment to heaves
Multifactorial causes - viral, environmental, bacterial etc
Term
differentials for a coughing horse?
Definition
RAO
IAD
URT inflammation or irritation
flu, herpes
Dysphagia
Strangles
Bacterial pneumonia
Parasitic pnumonia
FB
Term
Exercise induced pulmonary heamorrhage?
EIPH
Definition
follows strenuous exercise
pathological and physiological factors contribute

assoc with poor performance
Term
Clinical signs of eiph?
Definition
NONE?!
Post exercise epistaxis
poor performance
abnormal lung sounds/??
Term
Diagnosis?
Treatment of EIPH?
Definition
Dx - endoscopy
Bal

Tx - reduce haemorrhage, rest for a couple of weeks
change training
Term
Dx of equine influnza
Definition
nasopharyngeal swap PCR
Term
Equine Influenza vax policy?
Definition
1st - jag 1
1 month later - jag2
6 months later - jag 3
1 year later - jag 4 and annually after this
Term
name the 4 heart sounds and what they correlate to?
Definition
S1, S2, S3, S4
s1 - lub - when the AV valves close
s2 - dub - when the semilunar vlaves close
s3 - lu - when ventricals fill
s4 - de - when the ventricals contract
Term
conditions that cause a non pathological dysrythmis in a horse?
Definition
2nd degree AV block
Sinus block
ventricular premature beat
Atrial premature beat
sinus arrythmia
Term
Pathological dysrythmias?
Definition
3rd degree AV block
Atrial fibrillation
atrial and ventricular premature contractions - APC / VPC
ventricular Tachycardia
Term
What dysrythmias give a normal heart rate?
Definition
atrial fibriliation
APC and a VPC
Term
what is a sinoatrial block?
Definition
when the SA node doesnt fire so you get a bradyarrythmia
Term
3rd degree AV block?
Definition
serious - horse will collapse
fluttering - no definite beat
Lots of P waves over and over again
Atria and ventricals are completely dissociated
Term
aetiology of 2nd and 3rd degree AV blocks?
Definition
Electrolyte imblanaces
AV node disease - Degenerative or inflammatory
Digitalis toxicity
Term
Ventricular premature contractions?
Definition
normal rate but irregular rhythm
Wider QRS complex
Ventricals are contracting under their own influence away from the sa node
No P wave
Term
Causes of tachydysrythmias?
Definition
APC ir VPC
Ventricular tachycardia
Atrial Fibrillation
Term
Atrial Fibrillation?
Definition
normal ish rate but chaotic rhythm. no detectable s4
(de)
Term
Defibrilation therapY?
Definition
quinidine sulphate at 2hr intervals
Only 5 doses max - toxic
Term
management and treatment of quinidine sulphate treatment for AF?
Definition
stop using it and give mineral oil to try and reduce the absorption
Term
Outcome of quinidine sulohate treatment toxicity that can be seen on ECG?
Definition
torsades des pontes - give magnesium sulphate IV this blocks calcium channels
Term
Causes of ventricular tachydysrythmias?
Definition
myocardial hypoxia
electrolyte derangement
myocardial inflammation
2y to endotoxaemia
Term
functional murmurs without organic heart disease?
Definition
young fit athletic horses
less than grade 3
Term
metabolic murmurs
Definition
Murmurs due to decreased viscosity of the blood which cuases increased turbulance due to something like anaemia
Term
common systolic pathological murmurs in horses?
Diastolic?
Definition
Systolic - tricuspid valve regurgitation
mitral Valve insufficiency
VSD
Diastolic - aortic insufficiency
Term
Mitral valve insufficiency loudest on which side
Definition
left side
Will hear/feel a buzzing
Term
Tricuspid valve insufficiency loudest on which side
Sequale of this?
Definition
Right hand side
rarely affects performance
would get a jugular pulse with each heart beat
If it were left to get worse - RA dilation - atrial fibrillation, jugular pulsation, ventral oedema
Term
VSD?
Definition
loudest on the RHS
Not suitable for breeding
Term
Aortic insufficiency - loudest on which side?
Affects on this tyoe of murmur?
Definition
left hand side
Can cause a reducd performance due to LV hypetrophy which means a reduced CO
leadin to pulmonary hypertension which actually lead to RHS heart issues too
Term
Most common valve to be predisposed to bacterial endocarditis?
Definition
Aortic
mitral
tricuspid
pulomary
Term
Pre surgery considerations when aboout to castrate a stallions/colt?
Definition
tetanus prophylaxis
Antibiotcs
NSAIDS
Term
what are the options for castrating horses?
Definition
Standing open
closed
Semi closed
Laproscopic
Term
Standing castration things to do/know?
Definition
done under standing sedation and local anesthesia
Term
Close castation considerations/must dos
Definition
MUST be done under general anesthetic
dont incise through the tunic!
Term
post castration considerations in horses?
Definition
Exercise - 2-3 weeks of pasture rest/walk a couple of times a day
no exposure for 3-4 weeks
Term
complications that can occur with castration in horses?
Definition
heamorrhage
eventration
infection
oedema
schirrous cord
tetanus
cystic cord
Champignon
Term
excess haemorrhage - source of the blood, what to tell the owners, how to treat?
Definition
from the testicular artery,
tell the owner to count the drips
Treatment -go back and re emasculate or pack the scrotum or clamp/ligate the bleeder if can find it - under GA
Term
Evisceration of small intestine after castration in a horse?
Definition
Potentially fatal! - seen 4-6hrs after
Sling it up - belly band or something
AB and NSAIDS
Term
oedema after castration of a horse, why, avoidance, relief?
Definition
occurs to almost all castrations
Avoided by - large scrotal incision and vigorous exercise post sx

Relieve - cold hosing, exercise, NSAIDS
Term
Schirrous cord?
Definition
staph aureus infection causing micro abscess to form on the cord
Open castration may predispose
Usually due to contaminated emasculators or ligature
Term
Champignon?
Definition
is a persistant strep infection leading to excess granulation tissue
Treatment - to resect the affected portion.
Term
Peritonitis is characterised by?
Definition
>10000 cells 0 but this is a common occurance after even the most routine castration for the forst few days
- non septic
Term
Hydrocele?
Definition
fluid build up within the tunic
just incise the skin a little further back and disect the vaginal tunic to allow the fluid to drain and it should self resolve
Term
gestation length of horse?
Definition
325-365 days
Term
placental or Cl p4 for most of the pregnancy? -
Definition
placentak
chorioepithelial diffuse placenta
Term
what are the stages leading up to parturition in a horse?
Definition
48hrs before - fetal ACTH released, then increased cortisol - leads to change in hormone level in the mare - reduced p4 and incresased e2
Then increased oT AND RELAXin and parturiiom
Term
what is the most common cuase of abortion?
Definition
placental dysfunction
then non infectious causes and then infectious causes
Term
what is placentitis?
Definition
inflammation of the placenta usually from an ascending infection from breeding time
strep zooepidemicus
Term
Risk factors for placentitis?
Definition
age - increased
BCS- poor
poor perineal conformation
breed
Term
Clincial signs of placentitis?
Definition
vulval discharge
risk of foal getting septicaemia
Term
Infectious causes of abortion in horses?
Definition
Herpes virus 1
EVA - viral arteritis
leptospirosis
neonatal sepsis
Term
non infectious causes of abortion in horses?
Definition
twinning
placental issues
mare issues - nutrition etc
Term
what are the 3 stages of partutition in a horse?
Definition
1. Prep for expulsion - fetus positions and relxaing occurs - can occur as early as 24hrs before foaling
2. Expulsion - rupture of corioallantois
3. fetal membrane expulsion
Term
things that can help you predict the gestation length?
Definition
dates
mammary gland secretions
Term
dystocia in a horse?
Causes?
Definition
Emergency!
Fetal malpresentation/position/posture
disproportion
twinning
uterine torsion
Hydrops
Term
What do you do in cases of dystocia in horses?
Definition
15 mins assisted
clea perineum and then give an epidural bw c1 and c2
sedate
lubrication,
Term
malposition, presentation and posture - meanings?
Definition
malposition - upside down or right way up
presentation - cross wise
posture - breech etc
Term
post parturient complications?
Definition
haemorrhage
RFM
uterine tear
Term
resus of a new born foal?
Definition
remove membranes and dry with towls
clear airway and tactile stimualtion

If breathing but bradycardic - 8L of oxygen intranasal
If not brathing - intubate and provide IPPV 40-60breaths a min
if heart rate less than 40 - cardiac compressions over the heart bse
and adrenaline if remains low HR
Term
Target HR and RR xwhen resussing a new born foal?
Definition
HR >80
RR >16
Term
signs of a premature and dysmature foal?
Definition
slower to stand and suck,
post prandial colic
slow resp rate
Term
What is perinatal asphyxiation syndrome?
Definition
imparied utero-placental perfusion which leads to poor tissue oxygenation which then leads to multiple organ failure
onset occurs within a few hour of birth
first you see neuro signs and then cerebral dysfunction
Term
ddx for perinatal asphyxia syndrome?
Definition
premature foal
menigitis/Septicaemia
Term
Diagnosis of perinatal asphyxia syndrome?
Definition
complete sudden loss of the suck relfex
Term
most common cause of death in foals less than seven days old? clinical signs?
Definition
septicaemia
Clincial signs - off suck , hypoglycaemia, toxic neutrophilia, pyrexia
Term
treament of neonatal septicaemia?
Definition
respiratoey support and antibiotics, ivft
Term
mares reproductive cycle?
Definition
seasonally polyoestrous
in responce to increasing daylight/length - so cycle through the summer
cycle length is between
Term
what factors may have an effect on the mares cycle?
Definition
day length
weight/condition
health
temperature
food supply
Term
how long do oetrous signs persist before ovulation?
Definition
24-48hrs
Term
methods to control oestrous cycle of horses?
Definition
Lighting - 16hrs light and 8hrs dark
Term
when can you PD a mre from?
Definition
early PD - 14/15/16
allows recognition if non pregnant mare also
Later PD - d32-34
Term
3 main methods of PD'ing horses?
Definition
daily teasing
ultrasound and rectal
Hormone assays - ECG (from d80-120) and E2 (from day100)
Term
if there are twins by how many days oldcan you squish them?
Definition
15 days
Term
what are the three sections of a stallions ejaculate?
Definition
Pre ejaculatory fraction
Sperm rich fraction
gel fraction
Term
how long does it take for the embryo to reach the uterus?
Definition
5.5 days
Term
Advantages of AI in horses?
Definition
increase the genetic pool
Increased choice of stallions
more regulation of diseases
increased safety
Term
Disadvantages of AI in horses?
Definition
increased cost and skills
paperwr=ork
freezing etc - may not sit well with some stallions semen and transport has to be well set up for this type of thing
Term
what sort of things are used for semen extending?
Definition
egg yolk
skin milk base
plus nutrients amd sugars and antibiotics
Term
susceptible mares will often have a persistant endometritis for 48hrs post mating - what are the complications of this?
Definition
not a viable environment for the fetus
Due to inflammatory mediators - causing prostaglandin release = will cuase luteolysis and so the mare will come back onto heat 10-12 days later
Term
Treatment options for these horses?
Definition
antibiotics - TMPS
Uterine lavage
oxytocin
steroids
Term
cryptorchidism
Definition
when one testicle has failed to completely descend
Term
what types of cryptorchid are there?
Definition
complete abdominal - whole testicle is retained in the abdomen

Partial abdominal - only the epididymis has descended

Inguinal cryptorchid - teste retained in the inguinal cavity aka high flanker
Term
what is the signoficance of a cryptorchid?
Definition
sterility - unilateral can be subfertile - reduced sperm production

hereditary - so ideal not to breed from these animals
reduced testosterone production
Term
what are the causes of failure of descent of the testes?
Definition
failure of the gubernaculum - which a the tendonous muscle that develops near the kidney and causes decent of the testes
Term
what hormonal assays can be used to diagnose if a horse is trueley monorchid or cryptorchid>
Definition
androgens and estrogens
both levels in the serum will be higher in a stallions and cryptorchids than geldings
Term
Testosterone levls for hormonal assays/
Definition
in a rig:-
Testosterone - concentration before and after HCG admin will be >100pg/ml
gelding <40
Term
Oestrogen sulphate levels for hormonal assays?
Definition
Oestrogen sulphate - high level of incidence with thi levels and resence of testicular tissue so
:-gelding levels
<50pg/ml
:_ rig - >400pg/ml -
Term
Exceptions to the oestrogen sulphate rule?
Definition
This only exception to this is if the rig is under 3 years old or if it is a donkey -
They don't have the maturity to be able to produce as much hormone yet due to immaturity
Term
treatment for retained testicles?
Definition
surgery - remove the retained testicle first
Term
Approches for surgical removal of a retained testicle?
Definition
abdominal
Parainguinal
suprapubic paramedian
Flank
Laparoscopic
Aneatheisa for all apart from flank and laparoscopic
Term
what are the landmark for castration of a cryptorchid?
Definition
proper ligament of the testes
ligament of the tail of the epididymis
scrotal ligament
Vaginal process
tunic
Term
what other methods apart from surgery are there to treat a rig?
Definition
hormonal therapy
GnRH, LH-RH
only works for inguinal testes - not abdominally retained testes
Term
what is praphimosis?
Definition
Inability to retract the penis into the prepuce
Term
Causes of paraphimosis?
Definition
excessive oedema of the penis
ACP sedative admin
damage to the penile nerves
Term
What is phimosis?
Definition
inability for the horse to extract his penis out of the prepuce
Usually due to a stricture
Term
Priapism?
Definition
Penile paralysis - oersisant erection without arousal
Due to bloodflow disturbance, reduced venous outflow and the penis swells and cannot be retracted
Usually after ACP
Term
types of neoplasia that affect the penis in horses?
Definition
Squamous cell carcinoma
Term
History of SCC on horses and the treatment?
Definition
Very slow growing considering it is a carcinoma and often older horses on non pigmented skin
metastisis to the inguinal LNs usually
and occurs late in the disease

Treatment -
cryosurgery,
chemotherpy
NSAIDS
excision - if small and local
Term
First degree lacerations
Definition
Skin and mucosae only
so vuvla would look bigger than normal
Term
second degree laceration?
Definition
involves the musculature as well as the skin and mucosae
Term
3rd degree lacerations
Definition
complete perforation of the vaginal wall and rectum producing a single opening to the rectum and vagina
Term
Rectovestibular fistula?
Definition
tear through from the rectum to the vaginal vestibule but the perineal body is still intact
Term
Repair of a first degree laceration?
Definition
caslick opp
remove a wee bit of tissue and then suture it - using continuous or simple interupted to the level of the pelvic brim
Term
What would happen if you tried to repair a second degree laceration with a caslick operation?
Definition
urine pooling
Term
Repair of a second degree laceration?
Definition
Gadd's procedure
Term
repair of a 3rd degree laceration?
Definition
Rectovaginal/rectovistibular lacerations should be left for 4-6 weeks- so they heal themselves and then go and fix it
Term
causes of a urovagina in a mare?
Definition
oestrous behavious - when spraying
Excessive caslick op
pneumovagina
Term
Granulosa theca cell tumour?
Definition
neoplasia of the ovary in a horse
can be benign
but could lead to 3 types of behavioural change
eg - stallion like
Anoestrous
Persistant oestrous
Term
Diagnosis of ovarian neoplasia in the horse?
Definition
behavioural chnage
Rectal
Ultrasound
Hormones - inhibin
Term
approaches to dystocia in a mare?
Definition
assistanced vaginal delivery
Controlled vaginal delivery
C section
embryotomy
Term
complications of dystocia?
Definition
Ruptured middle uterine Artery
Ruptured uterus
Broad ligament haematoma
Term
Signs of a ruptured uterus?
Definition
Colic like s
peritonitis
high mortality
Term
Uroperitoneum in a foal?
Definition
Uuslaly male foals
Due to bladder rupture, urachal tears or uretal defects
Usualy due toa semi full bladder in the foal and the pressure increase during foaling leads to rupture
Often tenesmus assoc with ut
Term
xclincial signs of uroperitoneum?
Definition
2-4 days old
Abdominal distension
may still be able to urinate
tachcardia and tachypnoea
anorexia and dullness
tenesmus like action
sudden death
Term
Diagnosis of uroperitoneum
Definition
conc of creatinine in the peritoneal fluid will be higher than in the serum
Electrolytes - Increased K+
- hyponatraemia
- hypochloraemia
ultrasound - see lots of fluid - dark -
Term
DDx for uroperitoneum?
Definition
retained meconium
Term
management of uroperitonium in a foal?
Definition
medical emergency
stabilise before GA
Fluids etc and drainage to reduce the hyperkalaemia
saline, bicarb and fluids
Term
what is hypercapnia?
Definition
high saturation of CO2 in the blood
caused by respiratory depression in aneasthetised horses
Term
what level of CO2 is harmful?
Definition
PaCO2 of more than 80mmhg
Term
what is permissive hypercapnia?
Definition
when the PaCO2 is allowed to be a little higher than normal to allow the SNS to be stimulated which allows increased myocardial contractility and increased tissue blood flow
Term
Treatment of hypercapnia?
Definition
IPPV of 6-8 breaths a min
Term
Caues of hypoxaemia?
Definition
low inspired oxygen
hypoventilation
VQ mismatch
shunt
Term
what is PEEP?
Definition
positive end expiratory pressure
allows recruitment of collapsed alveoli when VQ mismatch
dont let the thoracic pressure reduce as much after each expiration
Term
treatment of hypotension in horses in surgery?
Definition
fluids
anticholinergics
Dobutamine beta 1 agonist
Term
complications of horses recovering from surgery?
Definition
myopathies
airway obstructiosn
colic
Catheters
trauma
Term
post aneasthetic myopathy? PAM
Definition
muscle compressed form lying on it but the blood pools there and cant escape so becomes oedematous and swollen and painful
Term
PAM risk factors?
Definition
atheltic, fit
heavy
hypotnesion
repeated aneathetic
Term
Tretment of PAM?
Definition
nursing care, nasaid
support
fluids
Term
central neuropathies?
Definition
spinal cod malacia
CCN
blindness
Term
spinal cord malacia?
Definition
sit like a dog young, well muscledhorses
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