Shared Flashcard Set

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EPPP - Learning Theory
Discusses Learning theories for EPPP
45
Psychology
Professional
09/15/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

Dismantling Strategy

Definition

 

 

Systematically omitting components of a treatment and comparing dismantled treatment to full treatment.

Term

 

 

 

Analogue Studies

Definition

 

 

Uses facsimilies of the actual clinical situation.

Term

 

 

 

Behavioral Assessments

Definition

 

 

 

Idiographic approach.  Uses directly observable behaviors - goal is to identify target behaviors

Term

 

 

 

Functional Analysis

Definition

 

 

Clarifying the nature of the target behaviors, including the stimuli that precede the behavior and consequences.

Term

 

 

 

Delay Conditioning

Definition

 

 

 

CS precedes and overlaps the US and works better than presenting both the US and CS together.

Term

 

 

 

Blocking

Definition

 

 

Tone (CS) --> US (shock) - evokes CR

Tone+Light (CS) --> US evokes CR

Light alone as CS does NOT elicit CR

Term

 

 

 

Overcorrection

Definition

 

 

Operant technique used to eliminate an undesirable behavior that involves having an individual correct the consequences of behavior and/or to practice corrective behaviors.

Term

 

 

 

Smoking Cessation

Definition

 

When nicotine gum is used in conjunction with behavioral techniques in smoking cessation programs the rate of success is likely to be the same.

 

Standard: nicotine replacement and behavioral intervention

Term

 

 

 

Flooding

Definition

 

Client is exposed to a highly anxiety producing stimulus for 30-60 minutes.

 - long exposure better than short exposure

 

- Effective for OCD, PTSD and Agoraphobia

Term

 

 

 

Law of Effect (Thorndyke)

Definition

 

 

Any response followed by a satisfying state of affairs is likely to be replicated.

Term

 

 

 

Positive Reinforcement

Definition

 

 

 

Applying a stimulus following a behavior in order to increase that behavior.

Term

 

 

 

Negative Reinforcement

Definition

 

 


Removing a stimulus following a behavior in order to increase the behavior.

- Removing a restriction to enhance a positive behavior.

Term

 

 

 

Positive Punishment

Definition

 

 

 

Applying a stimulus following a behavior to decrease the behavior.

- Spanking

Term

 

 

 

Negative Punishment

Definition

 

 

 

Removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior.

- Time out and response cost

Term

 

 

 

Avoidance Learning

Definition

 

 

A successful response prevents the occurance of an aversive stimulus.

 

- Conditioned stimulus produces fear by means of classical conditioning.

Term

 

 

 

Behavioral Contrast

Definition

 

 

When a subject has been reinforced for two different behaviors, and reinforcement is withdrawn for one behavior, the frequency of the other behavior will increase.

Term

 

 

 

Fixed Interval Scallop

Definition

 

 

 

An initial pause after reinforcement and then response rate acceleration as the respondent gets near the end of the interval.

Term

 

 

 

Stimulus Control

Definition

 

 

 

When a response is performed in the presence of one stimulus but not in the presence of another - the response is said to be under stimulus control.

Term

 

 

 

Differential Reinforcement

Definition

 

 

 

All behaviors except the target behavior are reinforced.  It is actually a combination of positive reinforcement and extinction.

Term

 

 

 

Response Cost

Definition

 

 

 

To decrease a behavior, a specific positive reinforcer is removed each time the behavior is performed.

Term

 

 

 

How to decrease aggressiveness

Definition

 

1) Help the person recognize the consequences of the behavior and identify alternative modes of behavior.

 

2) Help the person learn to interpret responses of others more accurately

 

Term

 

 

 

Premack Principle

Definition

 

 

When using positive reinforcement to increase a behavior, the reinforcement is applied following the behavior. 

The reinforcer is a frequent behavior - the person cannot engage in the behavior until he/she has engaged in the less frequent behavior

Term

 

 

 

Sensory Memory

Definition

 

 

Short term memory when it becomes focus of attention. 

Without rehearsal, it will last 30 seconds

Term

 

 

 

Short-term memory (primary memory)

Definition

 

Encoded by sound

The ability to rehearse information without interference

Good for about 30 seconds

Mainly auditory (7 +/- 2)

Includes working memory

Term

 

 

 

Long Term Memory (secondary memory)

Definition

 

Three levels of Processing:

1) Structural (is it all in caps?)

2) Phonemic (what does it rhyme with?)

3) Semantic (meaning - deepest level)

Term

 

 

 

Semantic memory

Definition

 

 

Holds the information to use language, including words and the symbols for them.  Meanings referents and the rules for manipulating words and symbols.

Term

 

 

 

Episodic Memory

Definition

 

 

Holds memory about how things appeared and when they occurred.

- Autobiograpphical.

Term

 

 

 

Metacognition

Definition

 

 

Knowing how to apply a particular strategy to a task at hand. 

Monitoring one's progress and making strategic changes

Begins at age 7

Term

 

 

 

Epistemic Cognition

Definition

 

 

 

Knowing the limits of one's knowledge with regard to the task at hand.

Term

 

 

 

Explicit Memory

Definition

 

 

Conscious recollection of previous experience encompassing declarative, episodic and autobiographical memory

- Mediated by hippocampus, amygdala, medial thalamus, temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex.

Term

 

 

 

Implicit Memory

Definition

 

 

Unconscious non-intentional memory

Procedural, perceputal and semantic memory

- Mediated by basal ganglia, substantia nigra, ventral thalamus, premotor cortex.

Term

 

 

 

Schemata Theory

Definition

 

 

Our memories are altered by past experiences, current values and emotions and expectations about the future. 

 

- Memories are reconstructions rather than reproductions.

Term

 

 

 

Serial Position Effect

Definition

 

 

- If a list is remembered, and recited with no delay, the biggining and end will be remembered to the same degree.

 

- If there is a delay, the beginning will be remembered but not the end.

Term

 

 

 

Overlearning

Definition

 

 

 

Practicing beyond the first time - information is reproduced.

Learning is best when spaced.

No cramming!!

Term

 

 

 

Thinning

Definition

 

 

 

The reduction of reinforcements once a target behavior has been established.

Term

 

 

 

Fading

Definition

 

 

 

The gradual reduction of PROMPTS while teaching a new response.

Term

 

 

 

Chaining

Definition

 

 

The association of individual responses toward making up complex behaviors.

Term

 

 

 

Shaping

Definition

 

 

Method of successive approximations that involves teaching a new behavior through prompting and reinforcing behavior.

Term

 

 

 

According to Beck, dysfunctional thoughts are....

Definition

 

 

 

Hypotheses waiting to be tested

Term

 

 

 

Schemas

Definition

 

 

 

Underlying cognitive structures and rules effecting how people codify, categorize and interpret their experiences.

Term

 

 

 

Self-instructional training of impulsive children involves....

Definition

 

 

 

Helping them to change their self-statements to increase their task-oriented behavior.

Term

 

 

 

Token Economy

Definition

 

 

 

- Permit instant reinforcement

- Can be tailored to meet individual needs

- Less susceptible to satiation because they are secondary reinforcers

Term

 

 

 

According to Wolpe, neurotic depression occurs when...

Definition

 

 

Anxiety becomes linked to a variety of stimuli through classical conditioning which then acts as a precipitant to depression.

Term

 

 

 

Malatt & Gordon's Absitence Violation Effect (AVE)

Definition

 

Considers recovery after relapse to be related to attributions about the cause of the relapse

- Successful recovery is more liekly when the person blames it on external, unstable, and specific factors than when it is attributed to internal, stable and global factors.

Term

 

 

 

Stress inoculation

Definition

 

 

Assumes that successful coping with stress in the present will reduce it's impact in the future.

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