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Epidermiology
microbiology flash cards
91
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
04/09/2010

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Term
Epidermiology is a combination of disiplines used to
Definition

Identify disease

Deterimine cause of disease

Observe the distribution of a disease in a population

Who, What, When, and Where

Term
Robert Koch came up with what?
Definition
Germ theory of disease- a specific orginizim causes a specific disease
Term
Pathology
Definition
The scientific study of disease
Term
Etiology
Definition
The study of the causation of disease
Term
Etiological Agent
Definition
any microorganism or toxin which causes a disease.
Term
Pathogenesis
Definition
The development of disease, The origin of the disease and the path leading to that disease
Term
Infection
Definition
The succsesful invasion of a body by a pathogenic microorgansim
Term
Disease
Definition
Any adverse internal condition severe enough to interfere with normal bodily functioning.
Term
Transient Microbia
Definition
remain in the body for only a few hours, days, or months before disapearing.
Term
Normal Microbia
Definition
Normal Microbia remain a part of the a person throughout their entire life. found on skin, mucos membrane of the digestive tract, upper resperatory tract, distal portion of the urethra
Term
What are the three types of symbiotic relationships
Definition

Mutualism

Communalism

Paricitism

Term
Mutualism
Definition
Both members benefit from relationship
Term
Communalism
Definition
One member of the relationship benefits without significantly harming the other
Term
Parasitism
Definition
A parasite benifits from the host while harming it.
Term
Opportunist pathogen
Definition
microorganisms that cause diseae when the immune system is surppressed, when the microbial antagonism is reduced, or when introduced into an abnormal area of the body
Term
Normal Microbia protect the Host by
Definition

Microbial Antagonism

occupying nitches that pathogens might occupy

producing acids

producing bacteriocons

Term
Bactericons
Definition
substance produced by bacteria to prevent growth of similar starins
Term
Probiotics
Definition

live microbes applied to or ingested into the body

beneficial effect

acidophils or lactobaccilus

Term
Sequence of Events of infectionor disease
Definition

Occurance depends on host resitance and predisosing factors

Reservior of pathogens

transmition of pathogens

Adherence/invasion/colinization/multiplication

injury/pathogenisis

Exit host

Survive to reinfect

Term

Classifiying a disease

Sign

Definition
In pathology, objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed or measured by others.
Term

Classifiyng a disease

Symptom

Definition
Subjective characteristics of a disease that can be felt by the patient alone
Term

Classifying a disease

Syndrome

Definition
A group of symptoms, signs, and diseases that collectively characterizes a particular abnormal conditon
Term

Classifing a disease

Sequalae

Definition

Post infection changes in the body due to an infection

May be felt sooner or later

Post measles sspe- Subcletorizing Panenchphalitis Endrocarditis from Rumatic fever (streptococcus)

 

Term
Communicapble disease
Definition

A disease that can be transfered from person to person

composed of a

Reservior

Portal of entry

Portal of exit

Term
Noncommunicapable disease
Definition
A disease that cannot be trasmitted from person to person
Term
Incidence
Definition
The number of new cases in an area in a given amount of time
Term
Prevalance
Definition
The total number of cases of a disease in a given area or population during a given amount of time.
Term
Morbidity
Definition
any change in the state of health
Term
Motality
Definition
The amount of people that are killed
Term
Latent Disease
Definition
any disease in which a pathogen remains inactive for a long period of time before becoming active
Term
Sporadic Disease
Definition
A disease that occurs in onnly a few scattered cases within a given area or poulation during a given period of time
Term
Inapperent disease
Definition
A disease that is not clearly seen
Term
Slow infection
Definition
An infection having a long incubation period, caused by a slow virus or prion
Term
Herd immunity
Definition

Immunity of a population

Immunity is a combination of natural and aqquired immunity

Many immune individuals to a disease in a population may act to decrease the severity and duration of a disease

Term
Local infection
Definition
an infetion involving bacteria that invade the body at a specific point and remain there multiplying until eliminated
Term
Systematic Infection
Definition
an inection involving bacteria that invade the body at a specific point and remain there, multiplying, until eliminated
Term
focal infection
Definition
a local infection that causes infection and symptoms in other parts of the body. example=tetnus
Term
Bacterianemia
Definition
the presance of bacteria in the blood. example= Stap Auerous and Strep Pneummia.
Term
Toxenima
Definition
The presence of poison in blood called toxins
Term
Virelnemia
Definition
Viral infection of the blood.
Term
Primary infection
Definition
The originating infection.  The orginal outbreak of an illness which the body has no opportunity to build antibodies against.
Term
Secondary infection
Definition
a secondary infection is an infection that occurs during or after treatment of another, already existing infection, it may result from treatment itself or from alterations in the immune system.
Term
Subclinical infection
Definition
infection that does not show any signs or symptoms
Term
Incubation Period
Definition
Stage of infectious disease process between infection an occurance of the first signs or symptoms of the disease.
Term
Factors that determine the epidemiology of a disease
Definition

Population characteristics

Dose

Incubation Period

Term
Stages of Development of a disease
Definition

Incubation period

Prodominal period

Period of illness

Period of Decline

Period of Convalenence

Term
Pridominal period
Definition
In the infectious disease process, the short stage of generalized, mild symptoms that preceeds illness
Term
Period of Illness
Definition
period of infectious disease process, the stage with the most severe signs and symptoms
Term
Period of Decline
Definition
in infectious disease process, the stage of declining signs and symptoms
Term
Period of Convalescence
Definition
In the infectious disease process, the period no signs and symptoms.
Term
Resivour of inection
Definition
living or nonliving sources of infectious disease
Term
Human reserviours
Definition
people reserviors
Term
NonHuman reserviors
Definition
Animals
Term
Enviormental reserviors
Definition
water, food, and soil
Term
Zoonones
Definition

Animal diseases- Mad Cow and Rabies

Diseases that are natualy spread from usual animal host to human

Term
TORCH disease
Definition
a special group of diseases that may be aqquired by a woman during pregnancy
Term

Transmition of disease

Horizontal

Definition

person to person involving contact

Ingestion of food and water

via a living agent such as an insect

Term

Transmition of a disease

Vertical

Definition

Transplacental

Mother to child during childbirth

TORCH disease

Term
Direct contact transmition
Definition
Transmition of a pathogen via bodily contact
Term
Indirect contact transmition
Definition
Spread of a pathogen using an inatimite object (fomite)
Term
Droplet Transmition
Definition
Spread of a pathogen from one host to another via aerosols, coughing sneezing and exhaling.
Term
Foodborne vehicle transmittion
Definition

contaminatied animal products

cross contamination

inproper handling/cooking/handling of food

Term
Waterborne vehicle Transmition
Definition
Sewage contaminated water
Term
Airborne vehicle transmition
Definition
Inhalation of particles or droplet nuclei
Term
Vector
Definition
Transmition of disease causeing agent via a living organism ussually an arthropod or an archnid
Term
Mechanical vector
Definition
body part of vector picks up and transmits disease
Term
Biological Vector
Definition

Vector is required as part of parasites life

vector injects infecting agent during blood meal

Vector deficates and deposits infectious angent on individuals skin

Term
Nosocomical Infection
Definition

(hospital aquired infection)

are required as the result of a hospital stay

5-15% of all hospital patients aquire nosomical infections.

Term
Nosomical Infection transmition
Definition

medical infection

health care personel

airborne

Term
How can we prevent patients and health care personel from developing a nosomical infection?
Definition
Using Universal Percautions
Term
Relative frequency of nosomical infections
Definition

Urinary tract infections- 34%

Surgical Infections- 17%

Lower resperatory- 13%

Bacteriamia because of catheranization- 14%

other sites including skin- 22%

Term
Causes of Nosomical infections
Definition

Gram positive cocci 34% (28%-87% R)

Gram negative rods 32% (3%-34% R)

C. Diff 17% (17% R)

Fungi 10%

Term
Emerging ifectious disease
Definition
Diseases that are new, increaseing in incedence, or showing the potential to increase in the near future.
Term
Contributing factors to emerginf diseases
Definition

Evolution of new strains

Inappropriate use of antibiotics or pesticides

changes in weather patterns

Modern transportation (west nile)

Ecological disaster, war, settlments (coccidomycosics)

Animal control measures (lyme disease)

Public health faliure (Diptheria)

Term
Epidermiology
Definition
study of where, when, why, and how diseases occur.
Term
John Snow
Definition
mapped the occurance of cholera in London
Term
Ingaz Semmelwies
Definition
showed that hand washing decreased the number of puerperal fever cases
Term
Florance nightengale
Definition
Showed that improved sanitation decreasees the epidemic typus
Term
Descriptive Epidermiological Study
Definition

collection and analysis of data regarding the occurance of diseases (Snow)

describes who where and when.

Term
Analytical Epidermiological Study
Definition
comparison of a diseased gorup and a healthy group (nightengale)
Term
Exsperimental epidermiological study
Definition
study of a disease using contolled exsperiments (semmelweis)
Term
Cas Reporting epidermiological studies
Definition
heath care workers are required to report specific diseases to local, state, and national offices
Term
National notifiable diseases epidermiological studies
Definition
pycians are required to report occurance
Term
Cross sectional Study
Definition
anyalitical- looks at cohorts in one point in time
Term
Retrospective Study
Definition
Looks at the past for answers
Term
Prospective Study
Definition
Follows a cohort to determine the rate of a certain outcome
Term
placebo
Definition
an inactive substance administered to a group in a control trial in order that any effects of exsperimental treatment can be determined
Term
double blind study
Definition
Exsperiment in which neither the reasearcher nor the patient know which treatment the subject recieves
Term
Control Group
Definition
The standard comparison against which observation or conclusion may be checked for valididty
Term
Exsperimental group
Definition
the group that is given somthing to be measuered
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