Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Enzymes and the metabolism
An introduction of metabolism
31
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/08/2012

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Metabolism
Definition
The totality of an organism's chemical reactions. Metabolism is an emergent property of life that arises from interactions between molecules within the oderly environment.
Starting Molecule--product
Term
Metabolic Pathway
Definition
Begins with a specific molecule which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product.
Term
Catabolic Pathway
Definition
A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.
Ex: Cellular respiration, sugar glucose and other organic fuels are broken down in the presence of O to CO2 and H2O.
Term
Anabolic Pathway
Definition
a metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex a complex molecule from simpler compounds. Also known as biosynthetic pathways. An example of anabolism is the synthesis of a protein from amino acids.
Term
Bioenergetics
Definition
The study of how energy flows through living organisms
Term
Energy
Definition
Is the capacity to cause change.
Term
Chemical Energy
Definition
is a term used by biologists to refer to the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.
Term
Thermodynamics
Definition
The study of the energy transformation that occur in a collection of matter.
Term
1st law of Thermodynamics
Definition
The energy of the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed. Also known as the principle of conservation.
Term
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
Term
Free Energy
Definition
Is the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in living cell. represented by "G"
∆G=∆H-T∆S
Term
Exergonic Reaction
Definition
A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of free energy G decreases, ∆G is negative for an exergonic reaction. The greater the decrease in free energy, the greater the amount of amount that can be done.
Ex: Overall reaction for cellular respiration:
C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O
∆G=-686Kcal/Mol
Term
Endergonic Reaction
Definition
Is one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings. ∆G is positive.
Term
Catalyst
Definition
A chemical agent that speeds a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy with out being consumed by the reaction.
Term
Enzyme
Definition
Is a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst.
→They are proteins.
Term
Substrate
Definition
The reactant an enzyme acts on.
Term
Activation Energy
Definition
The initial investment of energy for starting a reaction-The energy required to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break. Also known as the free energy of activation.
Substrate(s)+Enzyme(E)↔Enzyme-substrate(ES)Product+Enzyme(E)↔
Term
Cofactor
Definition
Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis.
Term
Coenzyme
Definition
An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions.
Term
Specificity
Definition
there are different enzymes for almost every chemical reaction which occurs in the cell. This is referred to as the specificity of the enzyme for its substrate.
Term
Competitive Inhibitor
Definition
reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites.
Term
Noncompetitive Inhibitors
Definition
Do not directly compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme at the active site, instead they impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme. they become less effective.
Term
Autotroph
Definition
An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substrates derived from organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic molecules.
Term
Heterotrophic
Definition
An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or substances derived from them.
Term
Digestion
Definition
The breakdown of food in the digestive track is both mechanical and chemical. The chemical breakdown involves man chemical reactions, each mediated by its enzyme, and results in the following;
Proteins→Amino Acids
Glycerides(fats)→Fatty Acids+Glycerol
Polysaccharides(starch)→Monosaccharides(hexoses-glucose)
Term
Salivary Amylase
Definition
Enzyme found in the mouth's saliva and begins the process of starch and glycogen breakdown. The action the salivary amylase is to speed up the following reaction:
Starch+H2O→Glucose+maltose.
Term
Starch
Definition
A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by a α glycosidic linkages.
Term
Maltose
Definition
Is a disaccharide consisting of two units of glucose. Maltose produced in the mouth will be broken down into two glucose molecules in the small intestine by the enzyme maltase.
Term
Absorptions
Definition
The third stage of food processing in animals. The uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism's body is the diffusion across the wall of the intestine into the bloodstream.
Term
Pancreatic Amylase
Definition
Enzyme produced in the pancreas. Pancreatic enzyme help digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in food. This enzyme are secreted into the small intestine through a tube called the pancreatic duct. They also aid in digestion of meals in patients with cystic fibrosis or other diseases affecting the function of the pancreas.
Term
Benedict's Test
Definition
This test allows us to detect the presence of reducing sugars (sugars with a free aldehyde or ketone group). All monosaccharides are reducing sugars.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!