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Enzyme Test
Chapters 3-6
84
Biology
11th Grade
10/18/2007

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Term
lipid
Definition
Term
carbohydrate
Definition
Term
protein
Definition
Term
nucleic acid
Definition
Term
hydrocarbon
Definition
an organic molecule with only carbon and hydrogen. They are hydrophobic
Term
Isomer
Definition
A variation in an organic compound with different structures and therefore different properties
Term
Structural Isomer
Definition
isomers with different arrangements of atoms and covalent arrangements
Term
Geometric isomer
Definition
Have the same covalent partnerships but different spatial arrangements
Term
Enantiomers
Definition
Molecules that are mirror images of each other
Term
Functional groups
Definition
components of organic molecules that are commonly involved in chemical reactions
Term
Hydroxyl groups
Definition
H is bonded to an O in the carbon skeleton.
Term
Alcohols
Definition
Things that contain compounds from the hydroxyl
Term
Carbonyl group
Definition
CO has carbon joined to an oxygen atom with a double bond.
Term
Aldehyde
Definition
A carbonyl at the end of a carbon chain
Term
Ketone
Definition
A carbonyl to not at the end of a carbon chain
Term
Carboxyl acisd
Definition
An organic compound with a carbonyl and hydroxyl coming off of one carbon. Acidic from the hydroxyl O-/H+ equilibrium.
Term
Amino group
Definition
Has NH2 in it.
Term
Amines
Definition
Things in the amino group
Term
Amino Acids
Definition
Organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Also, at the bottom, they have a variable group symbolized by R. This R group differentiates the various amino acids. 20 can be used by humans
Term
Sulfhydryl group
Definition
Has SH in it.
Term
Thiols
Definition
Things in the sulfhydryl group
Term
Phosphate group
Definition
Things with OPO3 ^2- Comes from the phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Functions in this group transfer energy between organic moleucles.
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The totality of an organism's chemical reactions. It's like a cell road map of chemical reactions arranged intricately. It manages the energy and resources of a cell.
Term
Catabolic pathways
Definition
When the breaking down of complex molecules to simpler molecules releases energy
Term
Cellular respiration
Definition
When sugar glucose and other organic fuels aer broken down to carbon dioxide and water. This is a catabolic process.
Term
Anabolic pathways
Definition
Processes that consume energy to build complicated molecules from smaller ones. For example, the synthesis of a protein to amino acids
Term
Bioenergetics
Definition
The study of how organisms manage their energy resources
Term
Energy
Definition
The capacity to dow work
Term
Kinetic energy
Definition
The energy of motion
Term
Potential energy
Definition
Stored energy
Term
Chemical energy
Definition
The energy stored in molecules as a result of the arrangement of atoms in those molecules.
Term
Thermodynamics
Definition
The study of energy transformations
Term
Closed system
Definition
When something is isolated from its surroundings
Term
Open system
Definition
Energy that can be transferred between the system and the surroundings
Term
Ist law of thermodynamics
Definition
A law that says the energy of the universe is constant. It can be transformed, but never created or destroyed
Term
2nd law of thermodynamics
Definition
A law that says every energy tansformation makes the universe disorderly.
Term
Entropy
Definition
The disorderliness of the universe
Term
Free energy
Definition
The portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature is unifrom throughout the system.
Term
Free energy equation
Definition
Free energy = the total energy of a system - temperature (in K) x Enrtopy. G = H - TS
Term
Spontaneous system
Definition
A system that gives up energy (- G
Term
Exergonic reaction
Definition
Has a net release of energy. Spontaneous
Term
Endergonic reaction
Definition
A reaction that absorbs free energy
Term
Equilibrium
Definition
Something in equilibrium cannot do work. For metabolism, this is a vital process
Term
Three types of work a cell does
Definition
Mechanical work (moving stuff), transport work (moving shit against the current), and chemical work, endergonic work that needs energy to get done.
Term
ATP
Definition
Adenosine triphosphate. A molecule with three phosphate groups, one ribose group, and an adenine group (an NH2 group.) The ATP is used in energy coupling a lot. A terminal phosphate is broken off due to hydrolysis. The ATP becomes ADP, and the endergonic reaction is given energy to react. Once the reaction happens, the P is let go and solar energy reconnects the ADP to the P making it ATP.
Term
Catalyst
Definition
A chemical agent that changes the rate of reactions without being consumed by the reaction.
Term
Enzyme
Definition
A catalytic protein.
Term
Substrate
Definition
What an enzyme reacts to. Each enzyme only fits with a certain substrate
Term
What effects an enzyme's rate of reaction?
Definition
The rate at which a given amount of enzyme converts into a substrate is relevant to how much of a substrate there is.
Term
Saturated enzyme
Definition
Once there is enough of a substrate for an enzyme to be always finding an active site, adding more substrate won't make it go faster.
Term
Optimal pH for enzymes
Definition
Usually 6-8, but there are some exceptions
Term
Cofactors
Definition
Non-protein catalytic activators. They are inorganic and either take up permanent residence in the active site or are loose and reversible in that area
Term
Coenzyme
Definition
Non-protein catalytic activators that are organic.
Term
Enzyme inhibitors
Definition
Things that inhibit the areas in which enzymes would usually be. They prevent enzymes from entering their substrates. They can be reversible with weak bonds, or irreversible with strong bonds.
Term
Competitive inhibitors
Definition
Reduce the production of enzymes by entering their sites
Term
Noncompetitive inhibitors
Definition
An inhibitor that goes into another part of the enzyme causing the activation site to change shape and not let the enzyme in.
Term
Condensation reaction/Dehydration reaction
Definition
A reaction in which monomers connect in a reaction to each other via a loss of water
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
A process in which molecules connect to each other.
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
Sugar monomers that are generally divisible by CH2O. It ranges from three to seven carbons long and end in -ose.
Term
Disaccharaide
Definition
A sugar that consists of two or more monosaccharides.
Term
Glycosidic linkage
Definition
A covalent bond that formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
Macromolecules with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
Term
Starch
Definition
A polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers (alpha.) It stores a lot of energy.
Term
Glycogen
Definition
A polymer of glucose
Term
Cellulose
Definition
A polysaccharide of glucose with different ring of glucose (beta glucose)
Term
Triacylglycerol/Fat
Definition
A macromolecule constructed from two kinds of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is an alcohol with three carbon chains. A fatty acid has a long carbon skeleton (16-18 carbons in length.) At one end of the fatty acid is a carboxyl group and it connects to the glycerol via a glycosidic linkage.
Term
Saturated fatty acid
Definition
A fat without a double bond between any of the carbons on the carbon skeleton
Term
Unsaturated fatty acid
Definition
A fat with a double bond between one of the carbons in the carbon chain.
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Fats with two acid tails rather than three and glycerol linkage to a phosphate group and a choline. They have a hydropphilic head and a hydrophobic tail.
Term
Steroids
Definition
Lipids characterized by a skeleton of four fused rings.
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
A common component of animal cells that synthesizes many hormones and such.
Term
Polypeptides
Definition
Polymers of amino acids
Term
Protein
Definition
One of more polypeptides folded and coiled into specific conformations
Term
Peptide bond
Definition
The bond made when two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other an enzyme can cause them to join by catalyzing dehydration reaction.
Term
Primary Structure
Definition
The sequence of a protein's amino acids.
Term
Secondary Structure
Definition
The shape of the coils and folds of the polypeptide chains.
Term
Alpha helix
Definition
a coild held together hydrogen bonds
Term
Beta pleated sheet
Definition
When two or more regions lie parallel to each other
Term
Tertiary structure
Definition
Due to interactions of different parts of the molecules between each other to shape it
Term
Quaternary structure
Definition
The effects of linked polypeptide chains
Term
Feedback inhibition
Definition
The switching of a metabolic pathway by its end product whcich acts as an inhibitor enzyme iwhin the pathway
Term
Cooperatitivy
Definition
When an enzyme has two or more subunits and a substrate triggers the same favorable confromational change in all the subunits.
Term
Allotrophic site
Definition
An active site which moves from being open to an activator and being closed, all due to the presence of an enzyme (or an inhibitor to keep it from moving to an activator friendly state
Term
organic compound
Definition
carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid
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