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Environmental Science
Finalsnotecards
220
Science
Undergraduate 4
05/09/2011

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Cards

Term
Plasmodium
Definition
a disease that mosquitos carry
Term
Tsetse flies
Definition
caused sleeping sickness in Equatorial Africa
Term
Grape phylloxera/Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
Definition
a pest of commercial grapevines worldwide
Term
purple loosestrife
Definition
a pest outside its native Scandinavia
Term
Anthropogenic
Definition
Based on human purposes and perceptions. A pest is anthropogenic. 
Term
Patterson's curse
Definition
valued as food for honeybees and as a wildflower, even though it can poison livestock. This is an example of a pest that is beneficial in one setting but harmful in another. 
Term
IPM
Definition

integrated pest management. Uses all suitable methods to get rid of pests. Their recommended procedure: 

discover pest

evaluate pest ID status - what is the danger?

determine available control strategies 

use least toxic - at least initially

evaluate success - repeat or try new technique only if necessary

Term
Two basic philosophies of pest control
Definition
Chemical techniques and ecological techniques
Term
Chemical techniques to pest control
Definition
chemicals used to kill large numbers. Gives short term protection
Term
Ecological techniques to pest control
Definition
seeks long-lasting protection by exploiting pest biology. Either highly specific for pest or manipulate aspects of the ecosystem. 
Term
Benefits of chemical pesticides
Definition

1.) works faster than other pest-control methods

2.) increased food production

3.) save lives - DDT is the best control method for malaria

 

Term
Pest Resurgences
Definition
after spraying pesticides, the pest population rebounds in an even higher number than before. This is often due to reduction of the natural enemies. 
Term
Secondary Outbreaks
Definition
outbreaks of another species' population that were not previously a problem. Often due to suppression of superior competitor.
Term
Pesticide Treadmill
Definition
Pest Problems --> Use of Chemical pest --> increased resistance/resurgence --> more pest problems --> more chemical pesticides --> more resistance and resurgance     --> more pest problems, etc.
Term
pesticide contamination
Definition
chemicals applied to farm fields, orchards, and lawns end up in the runoff that enters soil, ground and surface waters. 
Term
benefits to synthetic pesticides
Definition
breakdown more quickly and less broadly toxic
Term
benefits of mixing up pesticides used
Definition

less pesticide resistance expected. 

Fewer pesticide applications

employ synthetics less frequently

Term
Non-chemical alternatives to pest control
Definition

encourage or import natural enemies of pests

develop genetically resistant plants

cultural practices

sex-pheromone baited traps

IPM

Term
economic threshold
Definition
doing a cost/benefit analysis. when the cost of damage outweighs cost of applying pesticides or other control. 
Term
products of radiation
Definition

high dosages can lead to radiation sickness, death

lower dosages can cause DNA mutations, cancer(tumors)

Term
Half life
Definition
the time for half the radioactive substance to decay. All radioactive isotopes decay to safe level after 10 half-lives
Term
10 years
Definition
how long it takes for fission waste to lost 97% of their radioactivity
Term
Yucca Mountain
Definition
storage of long-term waste
Term
NIMBY
Definition
the mentality of "not in my backyard"
Term
3 Mile Island
Definition

partial core meltdown, release of radioactive gases. It was a human/equipment failure and flawed design. There were no injuries/death

 

Term
Chernobyl(1986)
Definition

They disabled safety system and the explosion resulted in reactor meltdown

core meltdown

steam explosion

release of radioactivity

deats of radiation sickness/radiation exposure

There was a political fallout and nuclear power became unpopular

Term
Benefits to nuclear power
Definition

only viable option for replacing a major portion of FF energy

a large supply of fuel

with breeder reactors, US can have plenty of energy for some billions of years

less environmentally harmful

Term
Fukushima(2011)
Definition
Due to earthquake and loss of emergency power rendered the coolant systen inoperative. Partial core meltdown, release of radioactive gases
Term
Direct Solar Energy
Definition

Solar heating

sunlight to electricty

Term
Solar heating
Definition

through water, which is a flat-plate collector and can adapt for cooler climates.

through space - the building acts as collector, landscaping to shade

Term
photovoltaic cells
Definition
sunlight shines on, and produces electricity current
Term
Solar-trough collectors
Definition
cost effective. The curved reflector focuses sunlight on and heats water or oil in pipe. Heat used to boil water and generate steam for driving a conventional turbogenerator. It converts about 22% of incoming sunlight to electrical power
Term
Indirect Solar Energy
Definition
wind power. Water power/hydropower
Term
Non-solar renewables/alternative
Definition

geothermal.

Tidal and wave power.

Nuclear fusion

Term
Water as a solar heating system
Definition

collector converts solar radiation into heat. Liquid passing through heated collector heats up, exits to storage tank

convection currents that replenish cool water from tank can be assisted with pumps

Term
Space as a solar heating systems
Definition
built-in collector intercepts sunlight. Air passing through collector gets heated, then exits into interior space
Term
Wind Power
Definition
Directional wind motion converted into rotational motion, and thence into electrical energy
Term
Hydropower
Definition
water power drives turbine
Term
Other ideas for non-solar energy
Definition

Geothermal 

Tides

Waves

Term
Disadvantages to Solar Energy
Definition

Limited availability

not reliable sources

total supply will only meet a fraction of current energy demand

not without negative environmental effects

requires more research and feasility studies

Term
Advantages to Solar Energy
Definition

clean, sustainable sources of heat, electricity

can help reduce demand for FFs

Term
Fuel Cells
Definition

Local, on-demand generation of electricity

high efficiency, small size, low emissions

the fuel is commonly generated by electrolysis of water

Term
Electrolysis
Definition
an energy-requiring process. More energy is consumed in the generation of H2 fuel than is released as electricity in the fuel cell. 
Term
Nuclear Fusion
Definition

Low radiation risk

development costs are high

plentiful

Term
Municipal Solid Waste(MSW)
Definition
all the materials thrown away from homes and commericial establishments and collected. Has grown from 54.62 million in 1960 to 181.14 million today
Term
Categories of materials in MSW
Definition

Organic

Petroleum

Compostable

Recyclable

Term
Organic
Definition
paper, yard, food, plastics, wood, rubber
Term
Petroleum
Definition
plastics
Term
Compostable
Definition
paper, yard, food, wood
Term
Recyclable
Definition
glass, plastic, metal, paper
Term
The second principle of ecosystem sustainability
Definition

1.) material waste production should be reduced

2.) waste materials should be reused

Term
Impediments to Recycling
Definition

requires change in behavior

lack of sorting standards

supply: more expensive

demand: no one wants to pay more

Term
MSW disposal options
Definition

landfills

incinerations

waste to energy(WTE) facilites

composting

Term
Advantages to landfills
Definition

handles large volumes

source of revenue

relatively simple procedure

minimal air pollution

Term
Disadvantages to landfills
Definition

sanitary concerns

leachate generation

methane production

incomplete combustion

settling

difficult to site

Term
Reducing landfill problems
Definition

add water to speed composition

water protection features

continual monitoring

Term
Water protection features
Definition

cover daily contributions of MSW

Add liners and leachate recovery systems

site landfills away from groundwater recharge areas

 

Term
Incineration
Definition

noncombustible materials sorted out: metals recovery feasible

combustible materials incinerated

80% of weight and volume reduction

toxic chemicals are concentraed

Term
WTE facilities process
Definition

sort

incinerate

Term
Advantages to WTE facilites
Definition

energy source

reduces pollutants in landfills

resource recovery

Term
1854 London Cholera Outbreak
Definition

616 died

disease started in the public water pumps

suspected linkage to a single water pump

Term
Point sources
Definition
specific points of output: sewage pipe
Term
non-point sources
Definition
come from broader geographic areas. Agricultural fields, city streets
Term
Types of Water Pollutants
Definition

water-borne pathogens

bulk materials

"chemical pollutants

Term
Water-borne Pathogens
Definition

bateria, viruses, parasites

80% of all diseases worldwide

combat it by water purification and education

Term
Sediments
Definition

these are inorganic soil particles. They reduce light penetration and cause of loss of hiding and resting places

To prevent you can install sedimentary ponds

Term
Chemicals: nutrients
Definition

Organic waste. Point source injection of organic wastes into streams may cause an "oxygen sag"

to combat, we should pretreat human waste

Term
oxygen sag
Definition
when there is less oxygen and not enough to support the organisms
Term
2 major plant nurients
Definition
phosphorus and nitrogen
Term
Oligotrophic
Definition
when something is limiting the growth of plants
Term
eutrophication
Definition
the addition of natural substances, such as nitrates or phosphates
Term
Negative effects of nutrient enrichment
Definition
allows for rapid growth of phytoplankton, which leads to increased turbidity and decreased light. When phytoplankton surges and dies off, more oxygen is consumed, which causes more die-offs
Term
Combatting Eutrophication
Definition

chemical treatments - herbicides can kill of excess plants

aeration - can re-oxygenate the water

harvesting aquatic weeds - improves water quality

prevent harmful inputs - nutrients and sediments

watershed 

limit nitrogen and phosphorus

control the point and non point sources

 

Term
Chemicals: Inorganics and Synthetics
Definition

road salts, acids, heavy metals

these interfere with cellular processes

not easily broken down

Term
Composting
Definition
converts organic waste into fertilizer
Term
Benefits of Composting
Definition

saves landfill space

more complete decomposition than landfill

creates great fertilizer

Term
Disadvantages to composting
Definition
requires a change in behavior
Term
Public policy on MSW
Definition

NIMBY - not in my backyard

LULU - local unwanted land use

NIMTOO - not in my term of office

Term
signs that earth is getting warmer
Definition

since 1900, 1.5 degree increase

between 1960 and 2005, glacier ice volume has decreased

sea level rise, in last 15 years, there has been 3.4 mm/year

earlier spring onset

Term
AGW
Definition

Anthropogenic greenhouse warming

due to the belief that greenhouse warming comes from various greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

97% of climate scientists are AGW proponents

Term
Climate model predictions
Definition

used to predict future global temperatures

must represent the climate system well enough to be able to make precise predictions

 

Term
CAGW
Definition
catastrophic anthropogenic greenhouse warming
Term
Trophosphere
Definition
lowest layer in the atmosphere. Gases are responsible for moderating flow of energy to earth
Term
Tropopause
Definition
caps the trophosphere
Term
Stratosphere
Definition
above tropopause, temperature increases with altitude
Term
Mesosphere and Thermosphere
Definition
ozone concentration declines
Term
climate
Definition
result of long-term weather patterns in a region
Term
Convection currents
Definition
responsible for day to day changes in the weather
Term
GHG
Definition
they are a heat blanket, insulating Earth and delaying the loss of infrared energy to space
Term
water vapor
Definition
most abundant greenhouse gas, absorbs infrared energy
Term
Mitigation
Definition
Goal of stabilizing greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere, starting by reducing greenhouse gas emissions
Term
Primary pollutants
Definition
direct products of combustion and evaporation
Term
Secondary pollutants
Definition
produced from reactions of primary pollutants
Term
Benzene
Definition
pollutant correlated with cancer
Term
Clean Air Act of 1970
Definition
identifying pollutants and setting standards that should be met to protect human health
Term
economic production
Definition
process of converting the natural world to the manufacturing world
Term
Policy Life Cycles
Definition

Recognition

formulation

Implementation

Control

Term
Sprawls
Definition
affect quality of life and environment in numerous ways. Depletion of energy resources, air pollution, water pollution, etc. 
Term
Biological diversity
Definition
the collection of all plants and animal species, their genetic makeup and the communities/landscapes in which they are found
Term
# of species
Definition
1.74 million
Term
Decline of Biodiversity
Definition
Humans have been the cause of 820 extinctions. 726 animals and 90 plants, many of which were on oceanic islands
Term
IUCN
Definition
maintains a red list of all species threatened with extinction. Use a decision tree to categorize each species
Term
Threatened species
Definition
population counts or estimates below the critical number. Included are critically endangered(CE), endangered(EN), and vulnerable(VU)
Term
causes of extinction
Definition

small initial population(hence the oceanic island endemic)

reduction in numbers due to changes in the environment

Term
Changes in enviroment that could cause extinction
Definition

physical habitat alteration(land conversion, fragmentation, simplification, intrusion)

exotic species

overexploitation

pollution

climate changes

Term
the 3 components of sustainability
Definition
Praxis, Ethics, Science
Term
Goal of our relationship to the environmen
Definition
sustainability
Term
Sustainability
Definition
extracting or harvesting products at a rate that doesn't diminish ability of sytem to produce product
Term
Unsustainability consequences
Definition
Blue Whale was almost extinct. 99% was killed
Term
4 basic categories of environmental problems
Definition

population growth

decline of ecosystem

global atmosphereic changes

loss of biodiversity

Term
Aldo Leopold
Definition
Had Secular Land Ethic. He was an early 20th century forrester, hunter. Wrote A Sand County Almanac. He thought like a mountain. A common experience among many prominent environmentalists. Satisfaction
Term
satisfaction level
Definition
the expectation to be satisfied is derived from extensive knowledge or thrilling experiences
Term
Secular Ethical Systems
Definition
The great failure of modern environmental ethics has been a failure to establish the value of creation. 
Term
meaning of good in Gensis 1
Definition
an indication that the created thing does what it is designed to do. 
Term
3 things about creation
Definition

1) intrinsic value

2) instrumental value

3) spiritual truths

Term
A Good Steward
Definition
a steward is gifted with a position in charge of someone else's property. A steward can use master's property, acording to master's wishes, but ultimate ownership is the master's 
Term
Sound Science
Definition
a way of gaining knowledge. a process or method that brings order out of chaos
Term
scientific method
Definition
creates a logical system whereby information can be organized and understood
Term
Assumptions of scientific method
Definition

our senses perceive objective reality

objective reality functions according to basic principles

every observable result has a cause, every result causes more results

human powers of observation and laws can discover the Creation's basic principles and laws

Term
Theory
Definition
if the idea explains many otherwise unconnected observations
Term
Scientific Law
Definition
becomes so well accepted that it is unquestioned
Term
Upside of Sound Science
Definition
sound science has given us an understanding of  how living systems work
Term
downside of sound science
Definition
sound science has given us more destructive capacity
Term
What provides the understanding of environmental relationships
Definition
ecology
Term
the science of ecology
Definition

relatively new branch of biological science. Considers organisms in their context. Tests hypothesis about why a species is where it is, what it does there, what its impact is, etc

Term
Levels of ecology
Definition

Population

Community

Ecosystem 

Biosphere

Term
Plum Island
Definition
part that is developed is ruined by storms that damage property, eroded beaches. Undeveloped part is a healthy community
Term
Biotic Community
Definition

the assemblage of living organisms in an area

Plant portion, animal portion, microbial portion

Term
Abiotic
Definition
non living physical and chemical: helps to determine biotic
Term
Biotic factors
Definition

adapted by species to survive changes: e.g. temperature.

In sum, populations are adopted to each other and the abiotic environment

Term
Ecosystem
Definition
a grouping of plants, animals and microbes occupying an area and interacting with each other and their non-living environment. In short, an ecosystem is a biological community and abiotic factors
Term
2 things that ecosystem ecologists focus on
Definition
energy and nutrients
Term
Why ecosystems?
Definition

1.) ecosystems are models of sustainability

2.) better management of critical resources

3.) greater appreciation

Term
Structure of an ecosystem
Definition
the parts and how they fit together to make a whole system
Term
Functions of ecosystems
Definition
why the parts are, and why they fit together way they do
Term
One sided relationships
Definition

where the predator benefits, while the prey species is harmed. example is herbivory

Term
Mutualisms
Definition
Many relationships both species. Two species perform tasks for each other and reap rewards as a result. Examples: birds eating berries
Term
Competition
Definition
two or more species attempt to harvest the same resource. 
Term
Direct competition example
Definition
lions and hyenas fighting
Term
examples of indirect competition
Definition
lions and hyenas hunting zebras or trees reaching up for sunlights
Term
2 central ecosystem facts
Definition

energy is constantly lost from ecossytems as organisms grow, reproduce, move, etc

nutrients are in finite supply

Term
solution to lost energy and nutrients
Definition
ecosystems accumulate energy and nutrients to survive lost energy that needs to be replaced and organisms that compete for the nutrients in shortest supply
Term
3 trophic categories/feeding groups of ecosystems
Definition

1. Producers

2. Consumers

3. detritivores and decomposers

Term
producers
Definition
also called autotrophs. They make their own food and capture sunlight energy from photosynthesis
Term
Heterotrophs
Definition
any group that is not a producer. Includes consumers and detritivores and decomposers. They are dependent on producers to maintain supply of energy and keep nutrients cycling
Term
Consumers
Definition
Primary consumers, secondary consumers, omnivores
Term
Primary consumers
Definition
feed on producers. Herbivores, includes leafhoppers, some mites, zebras
Term
Secondary consumers
Definition
Consumers that feed on primary consumers. carnivores. INcludes praying mantises, beetles, lions
Term
omnivores
Definition
eat plants and animals
Term
detritivores and decomposers
Definition
detritivores feed on dead pant/animal matter Leaves, branches, feces, animal carcasses
Term
Food chains
Definition
descriptions of who eats whom
Term
Food web
Definition
interweaving food chains that describe all the feeding relationships in a community or ecosystem
Term
biomass
Definition
the mass of all the organic matter found in living things. arranged in a pyramid by their trophic level. 
Term
energy budget
Definition
the little energy that is transferred up the trophic levels. the lower levels usually have a larger overall energy budget and contain larger biomass
Term
1st law of thermodynamics
Definition
energy is neither created or destroyed, but it can change from form to another. 
Term
2nd law of thermodynamics
Definition
when energy is changed from one form to another, some higher quality energy is degraded into lower quality energy. Useful energy is gradually lost to the system as heat
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
the means of converting sunlight energy into chemical energy. energy flows through ecosystems
Term
first basic principle of ecosystem sustainability
Definition
ecosystems use sunlight as their source of energy
Term
Characteristics of sunlight
Definition

1) inexhaustible

2) consumption doesn't reduce production

3) consumption produces no wastes

Term
Law of conservation of Matter
Definition
no atoms are created, destroyed or altered in any way. They change form by undergoing chemical reactions
Term
6 major elements
Definition
nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur(NCHOPS)
Term
Organic compounds
Definition
lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids
Term
Second prinicple of ecosystem sustainability
Definition
ecosystems dispose of wastes and replenish nutrients by recycling all elements
Term
carrying capacity
Definition
when populations reach maximum their environment can support. examples of this were the moose that overate their food, and wolves who preyed on moose, so it kept the ecosystem in balance
Term
overgrazing
Definition
when predators do not keep herbivores in check, and plants are consumed faster than they can reproduce
Term
3rd basic principle of ecosystem sustainability
Definition
the size of the herbivore population is controlled so that overgrazing does not occur
Term
Predation pressure
Definition
when a prey population has multiple predators
Term
Ecosystem Disturbances
Definition

fire

floods

windstorm

droughts

the sound of a tree falling in a forest

mowing the grass

Term
Biotic Disturbances
Definition
prest outbreak. Exotic species often become pests
Term
ecological succession
Definition
transition between biotic communities. each community prepares the area for the next community
Term
types of succession
Definition
primary(no previous biotic community), secondary(previously occupied by a community), aquatic(transition from pond or lake to terristrial community)
Term
pioneer community
Definition
best colonizers, poorest competitors
Term
climax community
Definition
poorest colonizers, best competitors
Term
periodic disturbances
Definition
sometimes ecosystems are actually maintained this way. in grasslands, need fires or trees will invade. 
Term
4th principle of ecosystem sustainability
Definition
ecosystems show resilience when subject to disturbance
Term
5th basic principle of ecosystem sustainability
Definition
ecosystems depend on biodiversity
Term
IPAT
Definition

I=environmental impact

P=population size

A=affluence

T=technology

Term
attempts to solve population growth
Definition

land ownership reforms

intensification of agricultural cultivation

expansion of agriculture

boosting of family income through illicit activites

emigration

migration to cities

Term
Demographic Transition
Definition
4 phases. Part 4 is characterized by stable population sizes. The transition is essential for sustainability. First phase has rapid growth and then it stabilizes out by the fourth phase. improved standards of living the futher along in the DT you are
Term
Poverty Population trap
Definition
argues that rapid population growth undermines economic growth. 
Term
two options for focused action for developing nations
Definition

1) speed up economic development

2) reduce population growth

Term
The Debt Crisis
Definition
developing countries borrow in increasing amounts
Term
Cairo Summit, 1994
Definition
International Conference on Population and Development. all nations agreed that population growth is an issue of crisis proportions and that it must be confronted forthrightly in favor of option 2
Term
Poverty Cycle
Definition

poverty - overusing resources for survival

environmental degradation - more "little hands" needed to help the family in a depleted environment. Illiteracy. Lack of contraceptives

High Fertility - dwindling resources divided among more people. 

Term
New stipulation of World Bank and Development
Definition
loan to poor countries if they promise to improve their environment and work toward reducing poverty
Term
4 main processes of hydrologic cycle
Definition

evaporation

condensation

precipitation

gravitational flow

Term
3 loops of the hydrologic cycle
Definition

evapo-transpiration

surface runoff

groundwater

Term
a functioning hydrologic cycle
Definition

replenishes freshwater supplies

removes impurification

Term
evaporation
Definition
process in which liquid water molecules vaporize and enter atmosphere
Term
transpiration
Definition
water loss by plants
Term
condensation
Definition
when water molecules rejoin via hydrogen bonding to form a liquid. dew, fog, clouds
Term
adiabatic cooling
Definition
rising warm air encounters lower atmospheric pressure, it expands and cools and humidity increases
Term
adiabatic warming
Definition
descending air is compressed by higher air pressure in teh lower atmosphere - lowered relative humidity
Term
air currents
Definition
largely influence the distributions of precipitation across the earth
Term
Hadley cells
Definition
generates global convection patterns
Term
unequal solar radiation
Definition
leads to tropical rainforests and surrounding dry areas
Term
Rainshadow effect
Definition

occurs on mountain ranges

effects due to adiabatic cooling/warming

Term
Fate of precipitation
Definition
runoff and watersheds, infiltration(capillary water). These are influecned by slope, angle, soil permeability
Term
Groundwater
Definition
purification step, aquifiers, seeps into springs. Groundwater breeches surface
Term
aquifiers
Definition
layers of porous material through which groundwater moves. Holds 99% of freshwater
Term
Recharge areas
Definition
holds 99% of freshwater
Term
Benefits of Modern Water Mangement
Definition

decrease in water born diseases

development of undesirable land

growth of 40% of the world's food via modern irrigation/agriculture

electricity generation via hydropower

Term
impacts of the water cycle on the environment
Definition

changes to the surface of the Earth

withdrawal of water supplies

atmospheric pollution

climate change

Term
population size today
Definition
6 billion
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
discovered the germ theory of diseases
Term
population growth because...
Definition

vaccines and antibiotics developed

nutrition improvement

sanitary practices regarding water and wastes were implemented

Term
population growth today is...
Definition
declining. soon the world population will reach an equilibrium. predicted to be 9.5 billion in 2050
Term
TFR(total fertility rate)
Definition
average # of children each woman bears over her lifetime. A TFR of 2.0 yields a stable population. 
Term
Negative impacts of altering surface water
Definition

altering the ecology

loss of species-rich wetlands

impounded water(dam water) is so massive that it can cause geologic shifts

Term
Consequences of groundwater depletion
Definition

falling water tables

diminsment of surface water

saltwater intrusion

Term
Water management challenges
Definition
increasing freshwater supplies by capturing more runoff, increasing withdrawal from aquifiers, desalination of saltwater
Term
soil ecosystems promote
Definition

biological breakdown of organic material to humus

bioturbation and mixing with inorganic particles

Term
requirement in healthy soil
Definition
pools of nutrients
Term

What removes nutrients from soil?            

Definition
leaching and erosion
Term
What adds nutrients back into soil?
Definition
dead plant decomposition, bacteria and lightning, weathering of rocks or deposition of sediments
Term
2 types of disturbances to components of soil ecosystem
Definition

chemical disturbances - poisons can harm soil organisms

mechanical disturbances - can disrupt soil profile

Term
replenish lost nutrients to soil by...
Definition
adding fertilizer
Term
contour farming
Definition
reduces water and wind erosion. The process of making rows of plants
Term
terracing
Definition
reduces water and wind erosion by creating rows on sloped lands
Term
practical rules of sustainable agriculture
Definition

cover the soil

minial or zero tillage

apply mulch

maximize biodiversity

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