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Environmental Chemistry
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Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
03/11/2010

Additional Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

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Term
what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
Definition

a hydrocarbon that is either saturated or unsaturated and is linear

 

 

Term
what is a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon called?
Definition
an alkane
Term
what is an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon called?
Definition
an lakene or an alkyne
Term
what is the structure of an aliphatic hydrocarbon?
Definition

a chain that may be straight or branched

may be chains or rings, ring molecules have 2 less H than the chain so that the ends can join

Term
what is an aromatic hydrocarbon
Definition
it is like an aliphatic hydrocarbon but it has a benzine ring
Term
what is the general formula for an alkane?
Definition
CnH2n+2
Term
what is the general formula for an alkene?
Definition
CnH2n
Term
what is the general formula for a cyclohexane?
Definition
CnH2n
Term
what is the general formula for an alkyne?
Definition
CnH2n-2
Term

what are isomers?

 

Definition
molecules with the same molecular formlua but different arrangements of atoms
Term
how do you name an alkane?
Definition

1. count the number of carbons in the longest possible chain to choose the prefix

* any branches are named with the prefix "-yl" eg. methyl or pentyl and then number of the carbon within the branch

* if there are multiple branches of the same name then "di-" "tri-" "tetra-" etc is used although this prefix doesn't count towards alphabetical order of the branches

eg. 3-ethyl-2-dimethylhexane

Term
what is a cycloalkane?
Definition
an alkane in a ring
Term
how to name a cycloalkane?
Definition

if the alkane forms a ring, then cyclo precedes the alkane name

want to name as close to branches as possible, meaning you want the smallest numbers eg. 1-ethyl-3-methyl-cyclohexane

 

Term
how do you name alkenes?
Definition

1. the main chain root must have both C atoms of the double bond, even if they're not on the longest chain

2. chain is numbered from the end closer to the C=C bond

3. position of the bond is indicated by the number of the first atom in it and follows the prefix but preceeds the suffix

4. the suffix for alkenes is -ene

eg. 2 ethyl-pent-1-ene

Term
what is an aldehyde
Definition

contains a carbonyl group (C=O)

R-CHO --> H-C=O

             l

             R

 

 

Term
what is a keytone?
Definition

contains a carbonyl group (C=O)

R-CO-R'

Term
what are some aldehydes
Definition

menthanal (formaldehyde)

larger ones used as fragments

phenylmenthanal = almond flavor

Term
what are some common keytones?
Definition

keytone, change the -e ending to -0ne

acetone (propanone)

unreactuve vs reactivity of Aldehydes

Term
what is carboxcillic acid
Definition

contains C=O and an -OH group on SAME carbon

- change E to -oic acid

ethanoic acid (vinegar)

fatty acids

citric acid

asorbic acid

salicilic acid (asprin)

 

R-C=O

l

OH

Term
what is an esther
Definition

formed from carboxyclic acid and alcohols

linkage in fats (triglycerides) and many condensation polymer reactions (polyesters)

triglyceride

fragrant

Term
what is an amine
Definition

contains Nitrogen

most biological amines are amino acids

bioulding blocks of protiens

histamine

[image][image]

Term
what is an amide?
Definition

N bonded to a carbonyl group

linkage that holds protiens together (peptide)

polymer linkage (through condensation reaction) in nylon and kevlar

 

Term

which one of these is an amine and which is an amide?

1. CH3CH2NH2

2. CH3CH2NHCH3

3. CH3CONH2

4. CH3COCH2CH2NH2

Definition

1 amine

2. amine

3. amide

4. amine (b/c the carbonyl is not next to the N)

Term
discuss DDT
Definition

mainly applied as an incecticide

toxic to birds, Rachel Carson, discovered DDT implicated in thin egg shells and decline in raptor populations

still a powerful and currently used insecticide to control disease outbreaks of malaria

Term
discuss CFCs
Definition

applications as refrigerants, propellants, blowing agents, and solvents

trademarked as freon

destructive to ozone layer in stratosphere

light breaks up CFCs to generate free radical chlorine that breaks up ozone and can be regenerated to continue destroying ozone

CFCs are stable in atmosphere

ozone hole occurs over antarctica due to polar stratospheric clouds where, between september-december low temp, ice crystals from in the clouds...seasonal ozone depletion b/c ice crystals provide surface for breakdown of CFCs into reactive chlorine atoms

Term
discuss PCBs
Definition

used as cooling and insulating fluid in transformers and capacitators

nonreactive, heat and fire resistant

persistant in the environment

accumulate in fatty tissue (nonpolar), variety of health effects, probably carcinogen

Term
define plasticity
Definition

capable of being molded

high molecular weight organic materials

Term
define thermoplastic
Definition
can be melted/remolded
Term
define thermosetting
Definition
polymers that can be molded only once
Term
define polymer
Definition

a molecular chain consisting of a repeating subunit (monomer)

involves 1000s of atoms (macromolecules)

Term
what were the first man made plastics?
Definition
derived from natural polymers (parkesine, celluloid, nitrocellulose) and were very flammable
Term
what was the first synthetic plastic?
Definition
Bakelite in 1909 (thermosetting)
Term
what are the "Big 6" plastics (names and recycling symbols) as well as their general properties, applications, structure of basic monomer and polymer
Definition

1. PETE (polyethylene terephthalate)

* clear, costly, high impact strength, pop bottles, clothing, video tapes, film

2. HDPE (high-density polyethylene)

* semi rigid, opaque, melts at 130C (dishwasher safe), milk jugs

3. V (polyvinyl chloride)

* high impacts strength, impervious to oils and most organic materials, pvc pipe and bubblewrap

H-C=C-H

                                         l   l

                                        H  H

4. LDPE (low density polyethylene)

* soft, flexible, melts @ 100-120C (not dishwasher safe), plastic bags, formed through addition polymerization

 

-(H    H)-n

   l     l

   C=C

    l   l

  H    H

5. PP(polypropylene)

* opaque, lowe density (lowest of 6), high melting point, bottle caps, carpeting

-(CH-CH2)-n

   l

 CH3

6. PS (polystyrene)

* clear, rigid, brittle, styrofoam and CD jewel cases

(-CH-CH2-)n

    l

benzene ring

foam (styrofoam) is produced by heating polystyrene beads w/ ~5% of a low boiling liquid

CFCs used to be used as these foaming agents until banned

 

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