Shared Flashcard Set

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Ento Final
Final
265
Biology
Undergraduate 4
04/29/2013

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Medical Entomology
Definition
The study of arthropods that are associated with disease in humans (and other vertebrates)
Term
Texas cattle fever
Definition

Caused by: Babesia bigemina

 

Transmitted by:  Boophilus annulatus (tick)

Term
Most useful predictor of the impact of a disease
Definition

DALY

 

Diasability adjusted life years (of economic productivity)

 

Includes mortality (premature death) and short or long-term disability

Term
Phylum Arthropoda
Definition

Rigid exoskeleton (cuticle)

 

Phsyiological phenomena: molting (ecdysis)

Term
Ecdysozoa
Definition

Group of distinct organisms that share the molting trait

 

Other features:

Ventral nerve cord

Open circulatory system

Term
Tagmatization
Definition
Ability of body segments to become fused into specialized body regions
Term

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Chelicerata

Definition

Mouthparts point straight out and cut like an electric steak knife

 

No antennae

Term

Class: Arachnida

Order: Scorpiones

Definition

Four pairs of legs (may have 3 as larvae)

Fused cephalothorax (head and thorax)

Segmented abdomen

Pedipalps modified as claws (chelate)

Last abdominal segment (telson) modified as stinger

Term

Class: Arachnida

Order: Araneae

Definition

Fused prosoma (cephalothorax) connected to opisthosoma (abdomen) by narrow pedicel

Pedipalps have sensory function

Chelicerae modified to function as venomous fangs

All spiders exert venom

Are all predators

Term

Class: Arachnida

Order: Acari

Definition

(Ticks and mites)

Whole body fused

Podosome is part of body where legs are attached

Tick head is called capitulum.  Acts as a light sensing organ.  No brain or central nervous system here

Term
Mandibulata
Definition
A clade of arthropods that comprises the extant subphyla Myriapoda (millipedes and others), Crustacea and Hexapoda (insects and others)
Term
Subphylum Crustacea
Definition

Two pairs of antennae

Five or more pairs of legs

Biramous appendages

Fused cephalothorax, segmented abdomen with non-stinging telson

Term
Subclass Pentastomida
Definition

Parasites of snakes, sheep, etc

Live in nasal passages

No legs, feed on blood

Generally transmitted when an infected mother is nuzzling/grooming her offspring

Term

Subphylum: Atelocerata

Class: Hexapoda

Definition

(Insecta)

1 pair of antennae

1 pair of compound eyes

3 body segments: head, thorax abdomen

3 pairs of legs

some have wings

Term

Subphylum: Atelocerata

Class: Diplopoda 

Definition

(Millipedes)

Head and trunk

30+ pairs of legs

2 pairs of legs/body segment

Cylindrical body

Non-venomous mouthparts (feed on decaying matter)

Defense glands secrete cyanide located on each segment

Term

Subphylum: Atelocerata

Class: Chilopoda

Definition

(Centipedes)

Head and trunk

15+ pairs of legs

1 pair of legs/body segment

Dorso-ventrally flat

Mandibles modified as venomous fangs

Term

Subphylum: Atelocerata

Class: Hexapoda

Subclass: Entognatha

Definition

wingless; mouthparts recessed into pouch in head

 

Invaders and can cause infestation, but they don't vector/cause any diseases

 

ex: booklice, silverfish

Term

Subphylum: Atelocerata

Class: Hexapoda

Subclass: Insecta

Definition

2 pairs of wings (may be secondarily modified to 1 pair or lost entirely), 

 

ectognathous: External mouthparts

Term
Peridomestic
Definition

Moving from the wild to inside a human dominated environment.

 

Live around domestic environment in the wild and will move into domestic houses (smoky brown roaches)

Term
Synanthropic
Definition

Some species are no longer found in the wild

 

Some bugs, like german roaches, are ONLY found around people

Term
Myiasis
Definition
The term for feeding on tissues other than blood
Term
Delusory parasitosis
Definition
When an individual develops a debilitating phobia involving insects, but no insects are actually present
Term
Spiracle
Definition
An opening on each segment of the thorax that opens up for the respiratory system
Term
Typical insect leg
Definition

Coxa: Section of leg attached to body

Trochanter: Second segment of leg

Femur: Third segment of leg

Tibia: Fourth segment of leg

Tarsus: After tibia, often subdivided into several sections "foot"

Term
Abdomen External Anatomy
Definition

Pleural membrane: Stretchy membrane allows to take up food because it can stretch to add more room in abdomen

 

Cercus: Sensory structure; receptors to gain info about environment

 

Ovipositor: Used for laying eggs

 

Spiracle: Opening to respiratory system

 

Tergum: Plate that covers the dorsal surface

 

Sternum: Shield or plate that covers the ventral surface

Term
Structure of the cuticle (exoskeleton)
Definition

Sclerites: Rigid plates.  Exocuticle thick

 

Intersegmental membranes: flexible areas between sclerites.  Exocuticle thin

 

Epicuticle:  Outermost layer of exoskeleton, made up of waxes.  Waterproofs the insect (keeps water in and prevents desiccation

 

Exocuticle:  Makes up the rigid parts of the exoskeleton, extensive cross-linking

 

Endocuticle:  Some cross-linking, not really extensive- retains flexibility

 

Epidermis: Part that is alive

 

Seta: Mechano-receptor hair, sensitive to air movements, distributed all over the bodies of insects; why it's so hard to swat a mosquito

Term
Insect Muscles
Definition

Circular muscles form digestive tract that contract in waves, like us

 

Logitudinal muscles used for movement - peristalsis

Term
Digestive system
Definition

Crop: Storage organ

Malphigian: Excretory organs (extract waste= Frass)

 

Malphigian tubule: Fine hair like structures that extract waste from hemolymph and joins it to indigestible food to exit bug

 

Midgut: Where both digestion and nutrient absorption occur

 

Proventriculus: Break down and digest food

 

Peritrophic envelope: Area of cuticle ("chitin mesh") that wraps up food and keeps it from touching the surface of the gut

 

Rectum: Exit point, reserves water and mineral salts in body

Term
Respiratory System
Definition
Air sacs: Can function like bellows (sandwiched between muscles) to pull and push air out of their systems
Term
Circulatory System
Definition
Most insects use hemolymph
Term
Reproductive System
Definition

Seminal vesicle: Where mature sperm is stored

 

Accessory gland: Where sperm is made

 

Spermatheca: Where females store sperm

Term
Nervous System
Definition

Ganglia

 

Subesophageal ganglion: Fuses ganglia and goes to different mouthparts = regulates mouthparts (chewing and feeding)

Term
Olfactory System
Definition
Antennae, mechanoreceptors, hair-like structures
Term
Vision
Definition

Compound eyes - ommatidium

 

Rhabdom: Contains photoreceptors

 

Pigment cells: Accept and encode various wavelengths

 

Secondary pigment cells: Ensure photons don't cross from one ommatidium to adjacent ones.  These cells determine the color of insect eyes

 

Axon: Stimulates action potential

Term
Hormones
Definition

Substance produced at one site in the body and has an effect at a different site

 

Mating, migration, diapause, insulin, molting

Term
Incomplete molting
Definition
Looks like adult through each stage (nymphs)
Term
Complete molting
Definition
Egg, larvae, pupa, and adult (then no more molt)
Term
3 strategies to find a host by blood-feeding arthropods
Definition

Active hunters (mosquitoes)

Ambush (ticks)

Nest parasites (kissing bugs): These are arthropods that leave birth nest or rodents nest

Term
Finding a host: Olfaction
Definition

Detect odors including Carbon dioxides, lactic acids, octanol, phenolics, fatty acids esters

Carbon dioxides at a distance, lactic acids and others they need to get closer

 

Heat

Water vapor

Shape/color Vision

Term
Hemostatic responses vertebrates use to defend against blood loss
Definition

Vasoconstriction (Platelet aggregation)

 

Coagulation (Clotting)

Term
Vector
Definition
An arthropod that is able to transmit a parasite or pathogen from one vertebrate host to another
Term
Conditions for arthropod to be a vector
Definition

Arthropod must be associated with the vertebrate in nature, in a manner consistent with a role in disease transmission 

 

The parasite/pathogen must be found to be associated with the vector in nature

 

The arthropod must be able to acquire the pathogen by feeding on an infective vertebrate under controlled conditions

 

An infected arthropod must be able to infect a suitable vertebrate under controlled conditions 

Term
Bridge vector
Definition
A vector that carries a pathogen or parasite out of a zoonotic transmission cycle to humans
Term
Reservoir host
Definition
A host that maintains the parasite and supports transmission to vectors
Term
Anthroponosis
Definition
When humans are the reservoir
Term
Amplifying host
Definition
A vertebrate host in which an increase in parasite/pathogen transmission occurs
Term
Mechanical transmission
Definition
A pathogen or parasite is carried by a vector to a host, on the surface or sometimes in the gut, without completing any part of its life cycle in the vector
Term
Biological transmission
Definition
Parasite colonizes the vector and completes part of its life cycle there
Term
Propagative
Definition

The parasite increases in number in the vector, but does not change in developmental state

 

ex: arboviruses

Term
Cyclopropagative
Definition

Parasite increases in number and undergoes some developmental changes in the vector

 

ex. malaria, leishmaniasis, many others

Term
Cyclodevelopmental
Definition

The parasite undergoes developmental changes in the vector without increasing in number

 

ex. filarial worms

Term
Definitive host
Definition
Host (vector or vertebrate) in which the sexual stage of the parasite life cycle occurs
Term
Extrinsic Incubation Period
Definition
Time between when a vector becomes infected and when the parasite/pathogen is able to be transmitted to a new vertebrate host
Term
Intrinsic Incubation Period
Definition
This is the time from infection of the vertebrate host until onset of symptoms of disease
Term
Epidemic
Definition
Disease is rapidly increasing in populations
Term
Endemic
Definition
Disease is maintained at a constant rate (even a very high rate)
Term
Pandemic
Definition
Epidemic that spreads to a very large geographical area
Term
Epizootic
Definition
Describes a situation in which a disease is rapidly increasing in non-human vertebrate populations
Term
Enzootic
Definition
Disease is maintained at a constant rate in non-human vertebrate populations
Term
Emerging Infections
Definition
Disease increasing slowly and steadily over time
Term
Vertical transmission
Definition

Transmission from mother to offspring

 

Transovarial: embryo is infected

 

Transovum: egg surface is infected, larva is infected at hatching

Term
Horizontal transmission
Definition
Transmission by contact.  Any route other than female parent to offspring
Term
Mites
Definition
Haller's organ absent
Term
Ticks
Definition

Haller's organ present

Feed on blood

Ixodidae and Argasidae and Nutellidae

Term
Ixodidae (hard ticks)
Definition

Egg-larva-nymph-adult

Larvae 3 pairs of legs, nymphs and adults 4 pairs

Sex can be distinguished in ixodid ticks by presence/absence of a scutum

Term
Ixodes scapularis
Definition
Deer tick, Blacklegged tick
Term
Relapsing Fever
Definition

Western USA

 

Pathogen: Borrelia hermsi, Borrelia parkeri, Borrelia turicata

 

Vector: Ornithodoros hermsi, Ornithodoros parkeri, Ornithodoros turicata

 

Africa: Mainly Borrelia duttoni vectored by Ornithodoros moubata complex

 

25 cases/yr in US; many in Africa

 

Treatment: tetracycline type antibiotics eg doxycycline

 

High fever, chills, headaches, etc over 4-6 days

Flush phase: temp falls, etc, symptoms resolve

 

Symptoms return, each cycle 7-14 days

Term
Why do symptoms relapse?
Definition

Antigenic variation

 

Borrelia expresses antigenic protein on surface.  Host starts to kill bacteria, a few Borrelia undergo genetic rearragnement, express a different surface antigen.  Immune system doesnt recognize new antigen at first, so symptoms return

Term
Tick Paralysis
Definition

Ascending flaccid paralysis

Caused by neurotoxin in tick saliva

 

USA: Mainly Dermacentor andersoni, Dermacentor variabilis

 

Bigger issue in Australia: "paralysis tick" Ixodes holocephalus

Term
Lyme disease
Definition

Causative agent: Borrelia burgdorferi

 

Responds well to tetracycline antibiotics eg doxycycline

 

Is a zoonosis:

Reservoir host: Microtine rodents, especially the white-footed mouse Perimyscus leucopus

Vector: Black-legged tick (Ixodes scapularis)

Synonym Ixodes dammini in the East, Midwest

Ixodes pacificus on West Coast

 

Humans are dead-end hosts

 

Deer are refactory to infection

Term
Feeding cycle of the ticks maintains high levels of Lyme disease in reservoirs and vectors
Definition

1. Spring thaw, Ixodes scapularis nymphs and adults become active, as do rodents

Nymphs (many infected from previous summer when they fed as larvae) find and feed on rodents, infecting them with Borrelia burgdorferi

Adults lay eggs

 

2. Later in Summer, eggs hatch and larvae quest, feed on rodents.  Since many of these hosts were infected a month or two earlier when the nymphs fed, lots of larvae get infected

 

3. In Fall, nymphs molt to adults, feed on large hosts such as deer.

Larvae also molt to nymphs; many overwinter as nymphs without feeding, form population of nymphs that feed in Spring and perpetuate the cycle

Term
Lyme disease in Western USA
Definition

Much less frequent than Northeast and upper Midwest

Vector: Ixodes pacificus

Reservoir: Microtine rodents

 

Transmission is often associated with forested habitats, higher (and cooler) elevations

 

Less frequent contact with human populations

Term
Why is Lyme transmission rare in the South?
Definition

Ixodes scapularis is abundant, but:

 

Less of an "inverted feeding cycle" because of less extreme seasonal temperature range

 

Ticks more active at night = less contact with humans

 

Lizards, skinks frequent hosts for larvae, nymphs but lizards are not reservoirs

 

Borrelia-killing factor in blood of some

 

Reduced transmission of Borrelia at elevated temperatures: 23 degrees 100% transmission

33 degrees 0% transmission

Term
"Southern Lyme" AKA "STARI"
Definition

Southern tick associated rashlike illness

 

Vectored by lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum

 

New species, Borrelia lonestari, may be etiolytic agent

Term
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Definition

Pathogen: Rickettsia rickettsii

Vectors: Dermacentor andersoni (West)

Dermacentor variabilis (East)

 

Amplification through chipmunks, microtine rodents

 

Formerly in Rocky Mountain states, but now more prevalent in Appalachian states

 

Symptoms: Fever, headache, malaise, RASH

Term
Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME)
Definition

Vector: Amblyomma americanum

Reservoir: white-tailed deer

Pathogen: Ehrlichia chaffeensis

 

Incubation period: 7 days

Fever, etc

Term
Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE)
Definition

Vector: Ixodes scapularis

Reservoir: white-footed mouse

 

Pathogen of horses: Ehrlichia ewingi or Ehrlichia equi

Pathogen of dogs: Ehrlichia canis

Term
Anaplasmosis
Definition

Disease of cattle, sheep, wild ruminants

Pathogen: Anaplasma marginale, Anaplasma centrale, Anaplasma ovis

Vectors: About 20 species of ixodid ticks

Dermacentor variabilis, Dermacentor andersoni most important in USA

 

Infect erythrocytes

 

 

Term
Babsia
Definition

Protozoan parasite related to malaria

Infects erythrocytes

 

Vector: Ixodes scapularis

Reservoirs/tangential hosts: B. Bigemini (cattle)

B. microti (rodents, occasionally humans)

Term
Colorado tick fever
Definition

Dermacentor spp

Rocky Mountains area

Often biphasic: symptoms abate, then return after 2-3 days

rarely fatal

Term
Tick-borne Encephalitis
Definition

Europe and northern Asia

Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes persulcatus

 

Can be fatal or have long-term complications

Term
Subphylum Arachnomorpha
Definition
No antennae, 6 pairs of appendages: chelicerae (mouthparts), pedipalps (lobes at base may also function as jaws), 4 pairs of walking legs, body in two parts: prosoma (cephalothorax), opisthosoma (abdomen)
Term

Subphylum Arachnomorpha

Class Arachnida

Definition
4 pairs of legs originating on prosoma, 1 pair of pedipalps, 1 pair of chelicerea
Term

Subphylum Arachnomorpha

Class Arachnida

Order Scorpiones

Definition
Pedipalps modified into pincers.  Telson modified to stinger, fused cephalothorax, segmented abdomen
Term

Subphylum Arachnomorpha

Class Arachnida

Order Araneae

Definition
Spiders; fused cephalothorax, abdomen by narrow pedicel; pedipalps have sensory function, chelicerae modified to function as venomous fangs
Term

Subphylum Arachnomorpha

Class Arachnida

Order Acari

Definition
Ticks and mites; whole body fused, segmentation obscure.  Regions defined by attached structures (legs or mouthparts)
Term

 Subphylum Arachnomorpha

Class Arachnida

Order Acari

Family Argasidae

Definition

Soft ticks; flexible exoskeleton with hard spines and structues, mouth parts on underside between first pair of legs

 

Can mate off the host, and only one sexual pheremone is involved

Term

Subphylum Arachnomorpha

Class Arachnida

Order Acari

Family Ixodidae

Definition

Hard ticks; thickened exoskeleton; mouth parts can be seen from top; festoons on bottom abdominal side.  Females have a scutellum (scutum)

 

Can mate on the host, numerous sexual pheremones

Term
Subphylum Mandibulate
Definition
Mandibulate mouthparts (chewing mouthparts)
Term

Subphylum Mandibulate

Superclass Crustacea

Definition
Two pairs of antennae; five or more pairs of legs; biramous appendages (gills attached to legs in aquatic form); fused cephalothorax, segmented abdomen with non-stinging telson
Term

Subphylum Mandibulate

Subclass Pentastomatida

Definition
Modified parasites of snakes and other verts; live in nasal passages, no legs, feed on blood
Term

Infraphylum Atelocerata

 

Definition
Mandibulate mouthparts, single pair of antennae, uniramous appendages (unbranched)
Term

Infraphylum Atelocerata

Class Diplopoda

Definition
Millipedes; 30+ pairs of legs, 2 pairs of legs/body segment, cylindrical body, non-venomous mouthparts, defense glands excrete cyanide
Term

Infraphylum Atelocerata

Class Chilopoda

Definition
Centipedes; 15+ pairs of legs, 1 pair of legs/body segment; dorso-ventrally flat; venomous fangs
Term
Epiclass Hexapoda
Definition
1 pair of antennae, 1 pair of compound eyes, 3 body segments (head, thorax, abdomen); 3 pairs of legs
Term

Epiclass Hexapoda

Class Entognatha

Definition

Wingless, mouthparts recessed into pouch in head; springtails, proturans, diplurans (not medically important)

 

Term

Epiclass Hexapoda

Class Insecta

Definition
2 pairs of wings (may be secondarily modified to 1 pair or lost entirely), external mouthparts (ectognathous)
Term
Sarcoptic Mange
Definition

Reservoir:

           Vector/arthropod cause: Sarcoptes scabei

           Pathogen:

           Transmission cycle:

           Mechanism:

 Symptom: Allergic response, intense itching, scratching results in secondary infections

Treatment: topical steroids for humans; ivermectin, Frontline for dogs

Term
Scrub Typhus
Definition

Reservoir: Chigger mites

           Vector/arthropod cause:

           Pathogen: Orientia tsutsumagushi

           Transmission cycle: vertical

           Mechanism:

 Symptom:

Treatment: tetracycline type antibiotics

Term
Rickettsia Pox
Definition

Reservoir:

           Vector/arthropod cause: House mouse mite, Liponyssoides sanguineus

           Pathogen: Rickettsia akari

           Transmission cycle:

           Mechanism:

 Symptom: Fever, headache, malaise

Treatment: doxycycline

Term
Relapsing Fever
Definition

Reservoir:

           Vector/arthropod cause: Ornithodoroa hermsi

           Pathogen: Borrelia hermsi

           Transmission cycle:

           Mechanism:

 Symptom: High fever, headache, chills, muscle and pain, nausea, dizziness, vomiting. Then "flush" - decrease in temperature, decrease blood pressure, symptoms disappear, then return (7-14 day cycle)

Treatment: doxycycline

Term
Lyme Disease
Definition

Reservoir: Rodents, white-footed mouse (Perimyscus leucopus)

           Vector/arthropod cause: Black-legged tick (deer tick) Ixodes scapularis (East and Midwest) Ixodes Pacificus in West Coast

           Pathogen: Borrelia burgdorferi

           Transmission cycle:

           Mechanism:

 Symptom: Rash (Erythema), muscle pain (myalgia), arthritis, carditis, memory problems

Treatment: doxycycline

Term
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Definition

 

Reservoir: chipmunks, microtine rodents (amplified)

           Vector/arthropod cause: Dermacentor andersoni

           Pathogen: Rickettsia rickettsii

           Transmission cycle: Vertical and horizontal

           Mechanism:

 Symptom: Fever, myalgia, headache, nausea, and petecial rash

Treatment: doxycycline and chloramphenicol

Term
Granulocytic Ehrlichiosis
Definition

Reservoir: White-footed mouse

           Vector/arthropod cause: Ixodes scapularis

           Pathogen:

           Transmission cycle:

           Mechanism:

 Symptom:

Treatment:

Term
Babesiosis
Definition

 

Reservoir: B. bigemini, cattle, B. microti, mice

           Vector/arthropod cause: Ixodes scapularis

           Pathogen: Apicomplexa

           Transmission cycle:

           Mechanism: Infects erythrocytes

 Symptom:

Treatment:

Term
Demodectic Mange
Definition

Reservoir:

           Vector/arthropod cause: Demodex

           Pathogen:

           Transmission cycle:

           Mechanism:

 Symptom:

Treatment:

Term
"Chicken mite rash"
Definition

Reservoir:

           Vector/arthropod cause: Chicken mite Dermanyssus gallinae which parasitize chickens and other bird species

           Pathogen:

           Transmission cycle:

           Mechanism:

 Symptom:

Treatment: w/ antihistamines, steroids, eliminating contact w/ mites

Term

Class Insecta

Order Blattodea

Definition

Incomplete metamorphosis (egg-nymph-adult)

Eggs in ootheca

Pronotum large, shield-like

Mandibulate mouthparts

Antennae very long

Long hairly legs- fast runners

Forewings thickened

Paired cerci on abdomen

Term
German cockroach
Definition

Blatella germanica

All stages aggregate in dark enclosed spaces, prefer wood or paper surfaces

Need humid warm environment

Term
Oriental cockroach
Definition

Blatta orientalis

Preferred habitat humid, cooler

Often associated with drains and sewers

Not highly mobile

Term
American cockroach
Definition

Periplaneta americana

Largest species infesting houses in North America

Prefer warm and humid areas, eg around pipes, water heaters, drains, sewers, crawl spaces, attics, voids in walls and between floors, etc

 

Term
Brown-banded roaches
Definition

Supella longipalpa

Ootheca glued to inconspicuous places such as behind furniture, cabinets, picture frames, walls and ceilings

Need high temperature, but can survive lower humidity than German roaches

Term
Smokey-brown roach
Definition

Periplanta fulginosa

Found in wood piles, leaf litter

Will invade houses

Limiting entry to house 

Term
Nuisance invaders
Definition

Crickets

Orthoptera Gryllidae

 

Camel (or Cave) Crickets

Orthoptera Gryllacrididae

 

Earwigs 

Order Dermaptera

 

Silverfish

Order Thysanura

Term
Insecticide Resistance
Definition

Behavioral: A heritable change in behavior that reduces exposure to insecticide

 

Penetration: A heritable change in the cuticle that reduces the rate that insecticide penetrates into the insect

 

Metabolic: A heritable change in the rate at which chemicals are metabolized and excreted

 

Target-site: A heritable change in the specific site at which an insecticide binds 

Term
Lice
Definition

Order Phthiraptera

Suborder Anoplura

 

Eyes reduced or absent, antennae segmented

Piercing, sucking mouthparts retracted into head

Legs are very well developed for grasping hair

Robust tarsal claws allow firm attachment to host

Term
Human head lice
Definition

Pediculus humanus capitus 

 

Incomplete metamorphosis

Three nymphal stages

Eggs are attached to the scalp with "cement" form female's reproductive system

Term
Human body lice
Definition

Pediculus humanus humanus 

 

Only attach to host to blood feed; return to clothing once done

Attach eggs to host clothing; only type of lice to lay eggs off of the host

More resistant to lower temps and humidity

 

 

 

Term
Pediculosis
Definition

The condition of being infested with lice

 

Dermatitis and secondary infection occur in severe cases

 

Plica polonica = fecal material and matted hair provide medium for fungal growth --> hair becomes cemented and scalp inflamed

Term
Pubic Lice
Definition

Pthiris pubis

 

More robust, triangular/large claws for coarser hair

Transferred through sexual contact

Cause intesne itching/dermatitis

Can use OTC pyrethin lotion or shampoo

Term
Epidemic Typhus
Definition

Causative agent: Rickettsia prowazekii (intracellular bacterium)

Vector: Pediculus humanus humanus

Reservoirs: Humans

Symptoms: High fever, muscle/joint pain, headaches, thoracic rash

Necrosis and gangrene

Some reservoir people are asymptomatic carriers (main disease carriers)

Bacteria transmitted in frass or in body fluids if lice is crushed

In human host, bacteria destroy epthelial lining of blood vessel

Treatment: Tetracycline antibiotics eg doxycycline

 

Flying Squirrels in Southeast can be reservoirs

Vector is Neohaematopinus sciuroptera

 

Most outbreaks in Ethiopia (1000-5000 cases/year)

 

Term
Louse-Borne Relapsing Fever
Definition

Vector: Human Body Louse

Reservoir: Humans

Pathogen: Borrelia recurrentis (bacterium)

Borrelia released when lice are crushed, not in saliva or feces

Symptoms: Sudden fever, headache, anorexia, nausea, dizziness, coughing, vomiting, decrease in platelets, liver and spleen enlarge which can increase difficulty breathing

Treatment: Tetracycline, penicillin

Term
Trench Fever
Definition

Vector: Body louse

Reservoir: Humans

Pathogen: Bartonella quintana

Symptoms: Headache, myalgia, fever, nausea, NOT FATAL

First noticed in troops during WWI

Term
Hog louse
Definition

Haematopinus suis

 

May transmit swinepox

Term
Cattle louse
Definition
Haematopinus eurysternus
Term
Solenophage
Definition

True vessel feeders

 

What lice are

Term
Order Diptera
Definition

Two-wing flies (posterior are peg-like halteres used for balance)

complete metamorphosis

Varied mouthparts

Term

Order Diptera

Suborder Brachycera

Definition

Small-large stout bodies

Antennae made of 3-6 short segments

Larval stage has reduced head

Most of the species are predators or scavengers

Term

Order Diptera

Suborder Nematocera

Definition

Small, delicate, gnat like

long filamentous antennae composed of 6+ similar freely articulate segments

Larval stage has a well developed head

Four families:

Culicidae (mosquitoes)

Psychodidae (moth/sand flies)

Ceratopogonidae (biting midges)

Simuliidae (Black flies or buffalo flies)

Term

Order Diptera

Suborder Nematocera

Family Simuliidae

Definition

Black flies or buffalo flies

 

stout bodies and humped backed

found all over world

1554 species; four medically important:

simulium, prosimulim, cnephia, and austrosimulium

strong wing, long distance fliers

largely diurnal, vision important

adult females blood feed

Morphologically identical adults, but genetically and biologically unique

 

Life cycle: Eggs are ovoid and triangular

Eggs are either laid onto a substrate at the surface of running water or directly onto the water's surface

Larvae/pupae are aquatic, live in running water

Elongated and tubular

Seven larval instars

Mouthparts have prominent cephalic fans

Silk secreted from salivary glands helps with movement in the stream

Prefer clean, flowing water

Pupal stage

Builds a cocoon, during molting, pupal gills are exposed thus providing continuous exposure to oxygen

Its non-feeding

Characteristics of pupa useful for IDing species

Emergence 6-9 am; at cooler temps, later in the day

Mating and Dispersal

Mating usually while flying

Males make small swarms 

No pheromones involved

Two-chambered spermatophore is transferred into female

Feeding

3 types of female feeders:

Obligate autogeny: No blood needed, never a vector

Primiparous autogeny: No blood needed for first batch, but need after that; more common amongst river species

Obligate anautogeny: Need blood every batch (best pathogen vectors); more common amongst small stream species where larval food less abundant/less quality

Occurs during daylight

Pool feeders; commonly bite in same area as previous bites

Medical/veterinary importance:

Simulitoxicosis: toxic reaction to saliva

Can kill livestock if numbers are excessive

Onchocerciasis (river blindness)

Term
Onchocerciasis
Definition

River blindness

Pathogen: Onchocerca volvulus

Symptoms: Nodules with adult female worms on the head in new world, on body in old world (elephant skin)

Microfilariae migrate through skin --> skin thickened/depigmented/leathery --> cracks = elephant skin

Progressive blindness in 10-20% of infected

Control Strategies:

Kill the Fly

Onchocerciasis control project (OCP)

70s-2002

Larval Control:

insecticides

biological control (bacillus thuringiensis strain israeliensis)

infected people (ivermectin)

Community level:

Treat everyone is affected area annually; elimination of reservoir population

Term
Leucocytozonosis
Definition

Disease of poultry, can decimate whole flocks

Expensive systems to exclude flies from poultry operations

Term
Vesicular stomatitis virus
Definition

Characterized by vesicles (clear blister) on tongue and mouth of cattle

Not lethal but bad for economy

Term
Family Culicidae
Definition

Mosquitoes

Piercing-sucking mouthparts

Proboscis about as long as the thorax

Wings and body with hair modified as scales

Aquatic larvae, generally free-swimming

 

Life Cycle

egg --> 4 larval instars --> pupa --> adult

 

Subfamilies

1. Anophelinae; Anopheles

2. Culicinae; Aedes, Ochlerotatus, Masonia, Coquillettidia, Culiseta, 30+

3. Toxorhynchitinae; toxorhynchites

 

Eggs shape = species specific

Larva

Both anophelinae and culicinae feed by beating water into mouth-brushes to generate water movement, filter feed 

 

Host Finding/Selction:

Longer range attractants: CO2, lactic acid, octenol

Closer range: visual cues, heat, humidity, odor

target specific locations

 

Breeding sites:

Are not large bodies of water or flowing water (larvae usually eaten by fish)

Irrigation and drainage ditches produce many kinds

 

Can determine age by:

Count follicular relic multiply by 3 days

Accumulation of eye color pigment

 

Control Approaches:

Target larvae-

Found only in certain areas

Issues: habitat hard to access; efforts may disrupt natural control

Chemical larvicides

Target adults-

Control applied after natural control complete

Issues: Widespread so no target control; pesticide around other animals

adult spraying

Bio/natural control (pathogen, birds, etc):

Source reduction (eliminate breeding site)

 

Term

Family Culicidae

Subfamily Anophelinae

Definition

Larvae

Have no siphon, have tergal plates, have palmate hairs, and larvae float parallel to water surface

 

Adult

Females: Maxillary palps long as proboscis

Males: Antennae are brushy; long palps, terminal segment "club like"

Feed straight into host

Use system of rectal spines to concentrate blood cells

Term

Family Culicidae

Subfamilies Culicinae

Definition

Larvae

Have a siphon, no tergal plates, no palmate hairs, and larvae hang down from surface 

 

Adult

Females: Short maxillary palps

Males: Plumose antennae; palps long, hairy at tip

Feed down into hosts

Trap serum proteins and excrete water through malphigian tubules

Term
Most common pest mosquito in Athens
Definition

Asian tiger mosquito

Ae albopictus

Came from old tires from Japan shipped to Southeastern US in 1984

Term
Arbovirus
Definition

Arthropod-borne virus

 

Transmission:

1. Mosquito female picks up virus from reservoir while feeding

2. Virus enters gut

3. Virus penetrates gut wall into hemocoel

4. Virus migrate to salivary gland and multiplies

5. Saliva injected into new host at feeding --> host infected

Term
Yellow Fever
Definition

Sylvatic cycle between primates and Haemagogus spp.; urban cycle between humans and Aedes aegypti

 

Symptoms: Sudden fever, myalgi nausea, vomiting, reduced urine, low WBC

Nose/mouth bleeding, vomiting blood, jaundice, kidney/GI lesions

Term
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
Definition
Cycle from birds to birds by Culiseta melanura; cycle from bird to human by Culex
Term

St. Louis Encephalitis

 

Definition
Cycle of birds during winter or spring by Culex and cycle to mammals during summer
Term
LaCross Encephalitis
Definition
Vertical transmission in vector by Aedes triseriatus, horizontal transmission to squirrels, foxes, chipmunks
Term
West Nile Encephalitis
Definition
Incidental transmission from birds to humans with Culex tarsalis
Term
Why is virus concentration (titer) in the blood important for mosquito transmission?
Definition
The higher the concentration, the more likely the virus will enter the vector during blood feeding
Term
Major obstacle for viruses developing inside mosquitos?
Definition
Surviving the gut is the major obstacle
Term
Why is it very, very unlikely that HIV could be transmitted by mosquitos?
Definition

1. The mosquito will digest the HIV virus before it can penetrate the gut wall so chances of biological transmission is very unlikely

 

2. The mosquito has very little blood on mouthparts after feeding so chances of mechanical transmission is very unlikely

 

3. A mosquito sucks blood up one canal and delivers saliva via another canal.  This shows that the flow is unidirectional and the mosquito will not inject blood from a previous meal into a second host

Term
Where do sand fly/no-see-um larvae live?
Definition

Warm forested areas (New World)

Cool, arid areas (Old World)

Term
Why are sand fly bites so annoying?
Definition
Bites are not readily visible and are painful and induce hypersensitivity with long duration inchy, ozzing bites, SALIVA
Term
What stages of the protozoan are in flies and in people?
Definition

Flies: Promastigotes (transferred to the human)

People: Amastigotes (sucked up by the fly)

Term
How is Leishmania transmitted from sand flies to people?
Definition
Through animal reservoirs.  Also, the promastigotes attach to gut lining and block the esophagus, end up pulling in blood and pushing out into host.  Sand flies regurgitate when feeding to clear the blockage of promastigotes resulting in the deposition of them into the human
Term
How does Leishmania reproduce in people?
Definition
Amastigotes infect macrophages, divides inside, and then the macrophage bursts.  The free amastigotes are phagocytized by other macrophages.  These new amastigotes escape from phagolytic vacuole and take over new host cell
Term
What are the three clinical forms of Leishmaniasis?
Definition
Cutaneous, visceral, mucocutaneous
Term
Where in Georgia are no-see-ums (Ceratopogonidae) a major pest, and what has been the consequences?
Definition
Coastal Georgia; can carry Blue-tongue which kills livestock
Term
Family Ceratopogonidae
Definition

Biting midges, No-See-Um's, Punkies, ("sandflies")

 

Wings generally with color patterns; wings folded over body at rest; not as hairy as true sand flies; legs proportionally smaller than sand flies

 

Four genera of medical or veterinary importance:

Culicoides (most significant medically)

Leptoconops

Forcipomyia

Austroconops

 

Distributed worldwide, associated with water, generally standing, as in ponds, marshes, and tree holes

 

Life Cycle:

Eggs are laid on the surface of wet soil, mud, leaf litter, semi-rotting vegetation, on objects near to or partly under water, sometimes in tree holes

Eggs have small hairs that retain a film of air around the eggs in water to allow respiration

 

Larvae:

4 larval instars

Larva has a well developed head and 11 body segments

Found in freshwater or saltwater marshy areas, and in wet and semi-waterlogged soil

Serpentine larvae move by rapid flexions of the body

 

Adults:

Males emerge earlier than the females, make swarms of 10-1000 individuals

In most species females require a blood meal to produce eggs (anautogenous)

In a few species females may mature first batch of eggs without a blood meal, but for subsequent egg batches they need blood

 

Feeding: Hosts include mammals, birds, possibly reptiles

A few species even suck haemolymph from other insects

Most species bite in early morning and around sunset

Generally exophilic (stay outdoors, don't enter houses) and exophagic (bite outdoors)

 

Serious biting pests

 

Major diseases transmitted:

Viral: 

Oropouche

Blue tongue virus in cattle

African horse sickness

Parasitic:

Mansonella in humans, horses, and cattle

Term
Oropouche virus
Definition

Pathogen: Bunyaviridae

Vector: Culicoides paraensis

Reservoirs: Poorly understood but may include monkeys, sloths, birds

 

Epidemics in South and Central America

Primarily in urban areas

Up to 44% of population seropositive

 

Symptoms: Abrupt onset of headache, fever, myalgia, dizziness, chills, photophobia (meningitis sometimes occurs)

 

Remission is spontaneous, sometimes brief relapse after 10 days

 

No fatalities, Immune for life

Term
Mansonella
Definition

Pathogen: Filarial worm

 

Vectors: Culicoides species

Enter vector as microfilaria, migrate from gut to thoracic flight muscle, develop to L3 stage, move to mouthparts, transmitted to host at subsequent blood meal.  Development requires 8-10 days

 

Widely distributed across Africa: M. perstans, M. streptocera

South America: M. ozzardi

 

Infections usually without clinical symptoms, but occasionally serious

 

Treatment: Ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine

Term
Bluetongue
Definition

Pathogen: Virus (serocomplex with 25+ serotypes)

 

Vector: Culicoides varripennis

 

Hosts: Sheep, other livestock

 

Reservoirs: Livestock with sublinical disease?

 

Class A quarantine disease: economic impact due to disruption in movement of livestock

 

Symptoms:
Fever, swelling of mucous membranes, necrosis of epithelium of nose and mouth, lesions between toes, lameness, respiratory distress, internal hemorrhaging, spontaneous abortion

 

Sheep: 20-75% mortality

 

Can also be fatal in horse, cattle

 

Most animals have subclinical infects, not clear why some develop severe illness 

Term
African Horse Sickness
Definition

Pathogen: Reovirus

 

Vector: Culicoides most important


Hosts and reservoirs: Various equids (wild and domestic)

 

Widely distributed across Africa; rarer epidemics in Pakistan, India, Spain, and Portugal

 

1. Fever form: mildest, seen in African donkeys and zebras

2. Cardiac form: Fever; oedema of eyes, head neck, chest; colic; hemorrhages in corneas and tongue; mortality up to 50%

3. Pulmonary form: Depression and fever, followed by respiratory distress, coughing, frothy discharge; mortality often >90%

4. Mixed form: Both cardiac and pulmonary symptoms

 

Control methods:

Insecticide applications- hard to target either larvae or adults

Repellents- work poorly

Special "no-see-um" proof netting

Management practices- Mostly around livestock

Reduce larval habitat

Ear tags impregnated with insecticide

Preventing access to host animals

Term
Lymphatic filariasis
Definition

"elephantiasis"

Filariasis is a general term for infection with nematode parasites

 

1.2 billion at risk

120 million infected

40 million disabled

 

Parasites:

Wuchereria bancrofti

Brugia malayi

Brugia timori

 

Reservoirs:

Only humans (anthroponosis)

 

Vectors:

Large variety of mosquito species including Culex, Aedes, Anopheles, and others

 

Microscopic examination for microfilariae

New diagnostic: Antigen-detection test

Term
Heartworm
Definition

Parasite: Dirofilaria immitis (nematode worm)

 

Reservoir host: dogs

Also cats, but not as common

 

Vectors: Numerous species of mosquitoes including Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Psorophora, Mansonia

 

Symptoms: Cough, exercise intolerance, and abnormal lung sounds in moderate infections

 

Diagnosis: Presence of microfilaria in blood sample (centrifugation test)

Abnormal radiograph: enlargement of the right side of the heart, pulmonary arteries

Serology: Sensitive antigen tests available

 

Treatment/Prevention:

 

Adulticides: Melarsomine dihydrochloride (Immiticide)

Thiacetarsamide (Caparsolate)

 

Preventatives: Diethylcarbamazine (requires daily treatment)

Ivermectin (Heartgard)

Milbemycin (Interceptor) (also includes hookworm, roundworm, whipworm)

Moxidectin (ProHeart)

Selamectin (Revolution) (includes fleas)

Term

Class Hexapoda

Order Hemiptera

Definition

"half-wing"

Incomplete metamorphosis

Piercing-sucking mouthparts- fused into a beak or rostrum

Palps absent

Antennae with four segments

Flattened dorsoventrally

 

Most species feed on plants or are predators on other insects

Two families of medical significance:

Term

Class Hexapoda

Order Hemiptera

Family Cimicidae

Definition

Bed bugs

 

Not known to vector any parasites or pathogens

 

Secondarily wingless, wings reduced to hemilytral pads

Term

Class Hexapoda

Order Hemiptera

Family Cimicidae

Cimex lectularius

Definition

Cosmopolitan

Pest of humans, bats, domestic birds

Term

Class Hexapoda

Order Hemiptera

Family Cimicidae

Cimex hemipterus

Definition

Worldwide in tropics

Pest of humans

Term

Class Hexapoda

Order Hemiptera

Family Reduviidae

Subfamily Triatominae

Definition

"cone-nosed" or "kissing bugs"

 

Head elongated, with well-developed compound eyes 

Beak or rostrum fits into groove on base of thorax

About 118 described species in 14 genera

 

Southwestern USA

Problem associated with hypersensitivity to bites, anaphylactic shock syndrome

In some areas up to 20% of human pop' has Ab against Triatoma saliva

Only a small fraction of these are hypersensitive

Term
Chagas' Disease
Definition

Agent: Trypanosoma cruzi (Protozoan parasite, Order Kinetoplastida)

 

Vector: Triatomine bugs (Rhodnius)

 

Focus: Poor dwellings

 

Distribution: The Americas

 

Acute phase:
Romana sign (swelling around the eye)

Chagoma (skin sore and inflamed area at bite)

Often flu-like symptoms

Nifurtimox and Benznidazole can be used at this stage, but they are expensive, and have severe side effects

 

Chronic phase:

Parasite disappears from system except for cardiac and sometimes smooth muscle, rarely nervous tissue

Progressive tissue damage

Cardiac symptoms, leading to death, in about 30% of infections

Requires decades to progress

Currently no approved drug treatment or vaccine 

 

Eventually destruction of heart muscle (due to immune efforts to remove amastigotes) and loss of muscle tone leads to thinning of heart muscle, especially at tips of the ventricles, and cardiomegaly

 

Control:

Southern Cone Initiative

Vector control

Improved housing

 

Genetic modification of vector population:

Takes advantage of the presence of a symbiont, Rhodococcus

Symbiont has been engineered to express a peptide that kills T. cruzi in the gut of the vector

 

Development of a vaccine:

Difficult because parasite is efficient at evading immune response, genetic variability of parasite in field

 

In the US:

T. cruzi has been isolated from racoons, opossums, dogs in several areas of the southern US

Also found in several endemic Triatoma species

Very few human cases of T. cruzi infection acquired here

1. Local Triatoma species don't defecate on host

2. Housing in the US doesn't support colonization by triatomines

 

Term
Malaria
Definition

Pathogen: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale

 

Only P. falciparum causes significant mortality

 

Plasmodium gallinaceum (infects chickens)

 

Rodent-specific malarias:

Plasmodium berghei

Plasmodium yoelii

Plasmodium chabaudi

 

P. knowlesi is a parasite of long-tailed macaques

 

Vector: Anopheles (mainly A. gambiae species complex in Africa, A. stephensi in SE Asia, but many other species have a role

 

Symptoms: Extreme fever alternating with extreme chills, brief period without either, then cycle repeats

 

P. falciparum produces VAR proteins which allow the infected erythrocytes to stick to the endothelial cells lining capillaries.  Infect erythrocytes accumulating in capillaries can block blood flow, starving downstream tissues of blood.  Capillaries are especially abundant in brain tissue, so this effect can lead to cerebral malaria, a major cause of death, especially in children

 

Children under the age of five and women in their first, and to some extent second, pregnancies are the most at risk

 

Diagnosis:

Giemsa-stained blood smear (traditional method)

Immunofluorescence assay (IFA)

Observe with fluorescence microscope

 

Control:

Vector control (elimination of breeding sites)

Surveillance

Treatment of active cases (eg chloroquine)

More surveillance

 

Best current tool: Insecticide-treated bednets

Treated with permethrin

 

Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)

Term

Family Psychodidae

Subfamily Phlebotominae 

Definition

Sand flies

 

Small, long-legged flies with narrow bodies

Wings and body conspicuously hairy

Lutzomyia, Sergentomyia, Phlebotomus are the predominant medically important genera

Inhabitants of the warmer areas of the world

Important in disease transmission

(Leishmania, Bartonella)

Complete metamorphosis

Only females blood feed

Weak fliers, tend to approach hosts by hopping along ground

Males have elaborate genitalia

Bites are painful, often intensely itchy, can last for days

 

Vectors of Leishmaniasis

 

Cutaneous leishmaniasis:

Open wet ulcerating sores on skin

Visceral leishmaniasis:

Spleen becomes grossly enlarged

Wasting of limbs, muscle mass, high fatality rate

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: (Espundia)

Parasite attacks and destroys mucosal tissue

Nose, lips, palate usually involved

Sometimes ear

Mortality unusual

In New World only

 

Treatment:

Pentavalent antimonials (Pentostam)(High degree of resistance)

Miltefosine: Effective at curing visceral (not cutaneous) 

Paromycin: Still in clinical trials for visceral 

Term
Carrion's disease
Definition

Oroya fever

 

Pathogen: Bartonella bacilliformis (bacteria)

 

Vector: Lutzomyia verrucarum

 

Location: Andes, mostly Peru

 

Symptoms:

Severe hemolytic anemia, high fever, chills, headache

Verruga peruana: Complication with blood-filled blisters throughout skin

Usually not fatal, but can produce immuno-suppression that can lead to fatal secondary infections

Term
Phleboviruses
Definition

Large family of sandfly-vectored viruses

Fever, headache, myalgia, photophobia

Self-limiting, generally lasts 2-4 days

Term
Order Siphonaptera
Definition
Fleas
Term
Cat flea
Definition

Ctenocephalides felis felis

Flea Allergy Dermatitis - Severe Allergic Reaction to Flea salivary secretions

Term
Double-Pored Dog Tapeworm
Definition

Dipylidium caninum

 

Hosts: Dogs, cats and children

 

Vectors: Dog flea (ctenocephalides canis, rarely found in North America mainly in Europe on dogs); cat flea; human flea

 

Life cycle of Dipylidium caninum:

Egg hatch and cysticercoids develops in flea or louse

Infected intermediate host with cysticercoids eaten by dog or cat

Cysticercoid develops into adult tapeworm in host's small intestine

Eggs passed in the feces of an infected dog or cat.  Eggs stick to perianal skin

Eggs ingested by a flea or louse

Term
Spinosyn
Definition

Digested and enters bloodstream

Kills adult fleas for a month

Term
Lufenuron
Definition

An insect growth regulator (IGR)

Does not kill fleas, sterilizes females

Term
Insect Growth Regulators
Definition

Methoprene

Pyriproxyfen

Term
Vectors of Disease (fleas)
Definition

Bubonic Plague

Murine Typhus

Myxomatosis: Viral disease of rabbits

Dipetalonema reconditum: Filarial worm of dogs and foxes

Tapeworms: 

Dog tapeworm: Dipylidium caninum

Rodent Tapeworm: Hymenolepsis diminuta

Term
Human Flea
Definition

Pulex irritans

Both genal and pronotal ctenidia are absent

Ocular bristle inserted beneath the eye

 

 

Term
Chigoe
Definition

Tunga penetrans

Tropical and subtropical Africa and South America

Both genal and pronotal ctenidia absent

Female embeds head into host causing swelling

Term
Sticktight Flea
Definition

Echidnophaga gallinacean

Most abundant in southern states, but found worldwide

Female remains fastened to a single host

Term
Oriental Rat Flea
Definition

Xenopsylla cheopsis

Cosmopolitan

Both pronotal and genal ctenidia absent

Ocular bristle inserted in front of eye

Primary vector in Urban Cycle of Bubonic Plague

Term
Murine Typhus
Definition

Rickettsia typhi

Vectors:

Northern Rat Flea and Oriental Rat Flea

Term

Class Insecta

Order Diptera

Definition
Flies
Term

Class Insecta

Order Diptera

Suborder Brachycera

Definition

Horse flies, deer flies, house fly, face fly, stable fly, tsetse fly, eye gnat, bot flies, louse flies, blow flies, flesh flies

Mostly stout-bodies flies

Large compound eyes

Antenna: First two segments greatly expanded, remainder reduced to filament-like structure called arista

Term

Class Insecta

Order Diptera

Suborder Nematocera

Definition
Mosquitoes, biting midges, black flies
Term
Types of fly mouthparts
Definition

Piercing-Sucking:

Mosquitoes, stable fly, horn fly, tsetse fly, louse flies

 

Sponging:

House fly, face fly, flesh flies, blow flies

 

Non-functional (atrophied, vestigial):

Warble flies and bot flies

Term
House fly
Definition
Musca domestica
Term
Face fly
Definition
Musca autumnalis
Term
Eye gnat
Definition
Hippelates
Term
Bazaar fly
Definition
Musca sorbens
Term
Little house fly
Definition
Fannia canicularis
Term
Flesh flies
Definition
Sarcophagidae
Term
Blowflies
Definition
Calliphoridae
Term
Syrphid fly (rat-tailed maggot)
Definition
Eristalis
Term
Black soldier fly
Definition
Hermetia illucens
Term
Filth flies
Definition
House flies and face flies
Term
Fly Control
Definition

Exclusion

Source reduction

Sanitation

 

Biological Control:

Parasitoid- An organism that spends its immature stages in or on another organism, the host, which it eventually kills. Adult parasitoids are free-living

 

Black dump fly:

Hydrotaea aenescens

Predator of the house fly

 

Fly pathogen:

Entomophthora- a fungus that attacks adult flies

 

Dung-beetles:

Family Scarabeidae

Disrupt manure to maximize rapid drying

Term
Face Fly
Definition
Mechanically vectors Moraxella bovis (pinkeye) and Thelazia (eyeworms)
Term
Trachoma
Definition
Bacterial (Chlamydial) infection of the tissue lining the eyelid
Term
Little House Fly
Definition
Fannia canicularia
Term
Flesh fly
Definition

Sarcophagidae

Larviparous: Eggs hatch internally so that larvae are "laid" by female

Term
Blowflies
Definition

Calliphoridae

Adults have metallic appearance

Term
Myiasis
Definition
Infestation of live human and vertebrate animals with dipterous larvae, which at least for a certain period of time feed on the host's living or dead tissue, liquid body-substances, or ingested food
Term
Pseudomyiasis
Definition
Dipterous larvae found in the digestive tract of man or animals which have been accidentally ingested with food or water
Term
Facultative Myiasis
Definition
Diptera whose larvae normally develop in decomposing organic matter, but will occasionally invade necrotic tissues of living animals (wool maggots)
Term
Obligatory Myiasis
Definition

Diptera species having larvae which normally develop in or on the body of living vertebrates

 

Predilection sites: Location where the parasitic larvae are found

 

Digestive tract: Gasterophilinae

Nasopharyngeal cavities and other internal respiratory systems: Oestrinae

Dermic or subdermic: Hypodermatinae and Cuterebrinae

Wound: Cochliomyia hominivorax

These are all subfamilies

Term
Oestrid flies
Definition
Robust larvae known as "bots" or "grubs" which are all obligate parasites of mammals
Term
Subfamily Gasterophilinae
Definition

Common horse bot fly:

Gasterophilus intestinalis

Oviposits on the horse's front legs

 

Throat bot fly:

Gasterophilus nasalis

Term
Subfamily Oestrinae
Definition

Sheep nose bot:

Oestrus ovis

 

Nasopharyngeal bots of cervids:

Cephenemyia spp.

Term
Subfamily Hypodermatinae
Definition

Common cattle grub:

Hypoderma lineatum

 

Northern cattle grub:

Hypoderma bovis

Term
Human Skin Bot
Definition
Dermatobia hominis
Term
New World screwworm fly
Definition

Cochliomyia hominivorax

 

Chemical control:

Avermectins such as ivermectin, doramectin, and abamectin

Term
Old World Screwworm Fly
Definition
Chrysomya bezziana
Term
Tumbu Fly
Definition
Cordylobia anthropophaga
Term
Stable Fly
Definition

Stomoxys calcitrans

 

Both sexes blood feed

Checkerboard markings on abdomen

Developmental vector of Habronema microstoma, spirurid nematode causing summer sores in horses

Term
Horn Fly
Definition
Haematobia irritans
Term
Louse flies or keds
Definition

Hippoboscidae

 

Don't transmit disease agents, don't cause illness

Term
Bat Flies
Definition

Nycteribiidae

 

Highly host specific

Both sexes feed on blood

Lack eyes and wings

Streblidae

Term
Tsetse Fly
Definition

Glossina spp.

 

Transmit the trypanosomes that cause African sleeping sickness

 

Glossina morsitans: Larvipositor

Term
African Trypanosomiasis
Definition

Nagana (cattle):

Trypanosoma brucei brucei

 

African Sleeping Sickness (Human):

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

Term
Spiders
Definition

All spiders have venom; no vegan spiders; not hematophagous

Silk, 8 legs, 2 body segments

Pedipalps, cephalothorax, and abdomen

Term
Daddy Long-Legs
Definition

Not a spider

No venom glands, do not secrete silk, single body segment

Term
Southern House Spider
Definition

Kukulcania hibernalis

 

Most common spider found in Georgia homes

Most commonly misidentified as a brown recluse spider

Term

American House Spider

 

 

Definition

Parasteatoda tepidariorum

 

Second most common spider found in Georgia homes

Term
Long-Bodied Cellar Spider
Definition

Pholcus phalangioides

 

Third most common spider found in Georgia homes

 

"Bounce" in web when disturbed

Term
Garden Spider
Definition
Argiope
Term
Trapdoor Spider
Definition

Heaviest spider found in Georgia

Subterranean so seldom seen

Term
Tarantulas
Definition
None in Eastern US
Term
Black Widow Spider
Definition

Latrodectus mactans

 

Red Hourglass

Smooth egg sac

Term
Brown Widow Spider
Definition

Latrodectus geometricus

 

Orange Hourglass

Spiked egg sacs

Term
Brown Recluse Spider
Definition

Loxosceles reclusa

 

Not in web

Fiddle on Cephalothorax

No abdominal markings

6 Eyes, 3 dyads, arranged in horseshoe shape

Term
Barn Spider
Definition

Not a recluse because:

Found outdoors

Builds a web

Has 8 eyes

Term
MSRA
Definition
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus
Term
Spitting Spider
Definition

Mistaken for recluse because of the six eyes in three pairs

But has patterned abdomen

Term
Order Hymenoptera
Definition

Only insects with stingers derived from ovipositor

True defensive/offensive venom

Term
Honey Bee
Definition
Apis mellifera
Term

Africanized Bees (aka "Killer Bees")

 

Definition
Apis mellifera scutellata
Term
Bumble Bee
Definition

Bombus

 

Solitary bees

Fuzzy abdomen

Not aggresive but capable of stinging if handled

Term
Carpenter Bees
Definition

Xylocopa virginica

 

Solitary bees (no hive)

Not aggressive but females capable of stinging if handled

Shiny abdomen

Term
Yellow Jacket
Definition
Family Vespidae
Term
Paper Wasp
Definition
Polistes spp.
Term
European Hornet
Definition

Vespa crabo

 

Can sting repeatedly (don't leave stinger like honeybees)

Term
Mud Dauber
Definition

Trypoxylon

 

Solitary

Stings only if provoked

Term
Cicada Killer Wasp
Definition
Sphecius speciosus
Term
Ichneumonid
Definition
Cannot sting humans
Term
Velvet Ant
Definition

Mutillidae

 

Females wingless

Only females can sting; sting very painful ("cow killer")

Feed on nectar

Females enter nests of solitary bees, lay one egg that parasitizes bee larva

Term
Ants
Definition
Formicidae
Term
Fire Ants
Definition

Two native species:

Tropical fire ant

Southern fire ant

 

Two imported species:
Red Imported fire ant

  Much more aggressive

Black Imported fire ant 

Very limited range

Term
Nuptial Flight
Definition

Winged males and females mate in midair

Fall back to the ground, males die shortly after

Mated queen's wings detach; she digs a hole in ground (nest)

She begins to lay eggs, which will develop into small workers in about a month or two

Term
Monogyne
Definition
One queen in a colony
Term
Polygyne
Definition

More than one queen in a colony

More difficult to control

Spread by budding

Mature colony may contain around 400,000 individuals

Term
Natural enemies (of ants?)
Definition

Phorid fly

Parasitic Ant:

Solenopsis dagerrei

Term
Harvester Ant
Definition

Pogonomyrmex

 

Intensely painful sting but rare as ants are large and red and generally avoided 

 

Western Harvester Ant:

Pogonomyrmex occidentalis

Term
Pharaoh ant
Definition

Monomorium pharaonis

 

Main problem is contamination in hopitals, nursing homes, clinics, etc.

Term
Harmless caterpillars that look dangerous
Definition

Hickory Horned Devil

Tomato Hornworm

Term
Eastern Stripeless Scorpion
Definition
Vaejovis carolinianus
Term
Hentz's Striped Scorpion
Definition
Centruroides hentzi
Term
Millipedes
Definition
Diplopoda
Term
Centipedes
Definition
Chilopoda
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