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Land Plants
Concepts and Vocabulary
66
Biology
Undergraduate 1
03/11/2014

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Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
Process of capturing light energy and converting it to chemical energy. Carbon dioxide + Water = Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen + Water
Term
Who were the first photosynthetic organisms, and when did they arise?
Definition
Cyanobacteria; 2.5 bya
Term
When did the first land plants arise?
Definition
500 mya
Term
What are the three groups that typically do no photosynthesize?
Definition
Archaea, fungi, animalia
Term
What is unusual about lichens?
Definition
Lichens consist of a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algaea.
Term
What is unusual about corals?
Definition
Corals have zooxanthellae (photosynthetic organisms) that help produce food.
Term
What is unusual about sea slugs?
Definition
Sea slugs steal extra energy by ingesting photosynthetic protists and storing them in their guts.
Term
What are monotropa?
Definition
Plants that have lost chlorophyll and therefore rely on associations with fungi or parasitic methods to obtain energy.
Term
What are the five advantages of living in an aquatic environment (for plants)?
Definition
1. Nutrients and water are all easily available
2. Protection from UV light
3. Buffering in temperatures
4. Water helps with structural support
5. Enhanced mobility, especially for gamete dispersal
Term
What was the most important thing that occurred on Earth before land plants could evolve?
Definition
The formation of the ozone, which helped trap carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Term
Haplontic
Definition
The only diploid stage is a single-celled zygote
Term
Diplontic
Definition
The only haploid stage is a unicellular gamete
Term
Embryophytes
Definition
Land plants; possess an embryo that is protected by parental tissue
Term
What do gametophytes produce? What is their ploidy level?
Definition
Produce gametes; haploid
Term
What do sporophytes produce? What is their ploidy level?
Definition
Produce spores; diploid
Term
What is the primary endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria?
Definition
When chloroplasts were first developed in eukaryotes that adopted photosynthetic bacteria within their cells
Term
What are seven important adaptations that allowed plants to colonize land?
Definition
1. Cuticle
2. Stomata
3. Gametangia
4. Embryos
5. Pigments
6. Spore walls
7. Mycorrhizal relationships
Term
Cuticle
Definition
Waxy membrane that prevents water loss
Term
Stomata
Definition
Small openings that regulate gas exchange (carbon dioxide in, oxygen out)
Term
Gametangia
Definition
Multicellular organs that enclose/protect gametes
Term
Embryo
Definition
Young fertilized egg contained within a protective, nutrient-rich structure
Term
Pigments
Definition
Coloration that protect against UV light
Term
Spore walls
Definition
Contain a polymer that resists decay
Term
Mycorrhizal relationships
Definition
Symbiotic associations with fungi
Term
What is one feature common to all land plants?
Definition
Alternation of generations: whereby plants have both haploid and diploid stages in their life cycles
Term
In what process are gametes produced?
Definition
Mitosis
Term
In what process are spores produced?
Definition
Meiosis
Term
A fertilized embryo grows into what?
Definition
A sporophyte
Term
Unicellular spores grow into what?
Definition
A gametophyte
Term
In nonvascular plants, where do gametes develop?
Definition
In gametangia, or specialized sex organs
Term
What are the two types of gametangia?
Definition
1. Archegonium: female, flask-shaped organ
2. Antheridium: male, sperm have two flagella
Term
In nonvascular plants, how does fertilization occur? What happens after fertilization?
Definition
Sperm require liquid water to swim to the egg, and after fertilization, the sporophyte produces a single sporangium that grows out of the gametophyte. The sporangium contains spores that germinate into gametophytes.
Term
What are the three types of nonvascular land plants?
Definition
1. Liverworts
2. Bryophytes (mosses)
3. Hornworts
Term
What are the four types of vascular land plants?
Definition
1. Lycophytes (club mosses)
2. Horsetails/ferns
3. Gymnosperms
4. Angiosperms
Term
What are the seed plants?
Definition
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Term
Tracheophytes
Definition
Vascular land plants
Term
Apical growth
Definition
Rapidly dividing shoot and root tips that either grow upwards for more sunlight or downwards for water/nutrients.
Term
Rhizoids
Definition
Water absorbing unicellular fillaments along rhizomes
Term
Rhizomes
Definition
Horizontal extensions of the stem that anchor a plant to the soil
Term
Roots
Definition
Vascular tissues that function in water uptake
Term
What are the similarities and differences between pores and stomata?
Definition
Both prevent water loss and UV damage; pores are unregulated openings while stomata are regulated openings
Term
What are the two types of vascular tissue?
Definition
Xylem and phloem
Term
Xylem
Definition
Conducts water from the roots to aboveground plant parts; also provide structural support, especially when strengthened by lignin (wood)
Term
Phloem
Definition
Tissue that carries nutrients (sugars)
Term
Sieve cells
Definition
Cell type where cells are alive at maturity (ie. phloem)
Term
Tracheid cells
Definition
Cell type where cells are dead a maturity (ie. xylem)
Term
Heterosporous
Definition
Vascular plants that produce two types of spores. Megaspores grow into megagametophytes (female, haploid). Microspores grow into microgametophytes (male, haploid).
Term
Seed
Definition
Enclosed and protected multicellular sporophyte embryo packaged with a food supply
Term
What is the primary difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms with regard to seeds?
Definition
Gymnosperms have naked seeds, whereas angiosperms have seeds in fruits.
Term
What are the four types of gymnosperms?
Definition
1. Cycads
2. Conifers
3. Ginkgos
4. Gnetophytes
Term
What are four evolutionary advantages of seeds?
Definition
1. Nutritive tissues support offspring
2. Protection of embryo
3. Easier dispersal: abiotic (wind, water) or biotic (animal)
4. Delayed germination/dormancy
Term
What are the four whorls of modified leaves in flowers?
Definition
1. Sepals (calyx)
2. Petals (corolla)
3. Stamen (filament + anther)
4. Pistil (stigma + style + ovary)
Term
All seed plants are ____________.
Definition
heterosporous
Term
How is sperm transferred in seed plants?
Definition
Pollen grains, not water!
Term
Ovule
Definition
Develops into a seed after fertilization
Term
What are two differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms?
Definition
Angiosperms produce flowers. Gymnosperms lack the vessel elements and fibers of angiosperms.
Term
Vessel elements
Definition
Larger cells tha tracheids (angiosperms only) that exist in the xylem and allow for easy water movement
Term
Fiber
Definition
Structural support in angiosperms
Term
What does an anther produce?
Definition
Pollen
Term
Carpel
Definition
Ovule and seed, found in a pistil
Term
Ovary
Definition
Base of the pistil
Term
Style
Definition
Stalk of the pistil
Term
Stigma
Definition
Terminal surface of the pistil that receives pollen
Term
How many male gametes (in a pollen grain) participate in fertilization? What happens to each gamete?
Definition
Two male gametes are involved in fertilization. One sperm combines with the egg to produce a diploid zygote. The other sperm combines with two haploid female gametophytes to form a triploid endosperm.
Term
Endosperm
Definition
Provides nourishment for the embryo
Term
What are the three parts of a seed and their ploidy levels?
Definition
1. Endosperm: Triploid, two megagametophytes and one sperm
2. Seed coat: Diploid, female sporophyte tissue
3. Embryo: Diploid, egg and sperm
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