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Endocrinology: pituitary development and regulation
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37
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
03/02/2012

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Term
What is the relationship btw the pituitary and the hypothalamus?
Definition
Hypothalamus is at the base of the brain and the pituitary is outside the CSF above the palate. From Hypothalamus to pituitary: by vascular stalk to anterior and neuronal tract to posterior. Hormones of the POSTERIOR are secreted in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary for release. Secretion of Hormones of the ANTERIOR are controlled by seven REL/IHI Hormones from the hypothalamus.
Term
What embroyonic tissue gives rise the the Anterior Pituitary (and Rathke's Pouch)?
Definition
ORAL TISSUE (The Pharynx and the Neural Ridge)
Term
What embroynic tissues give rise to the posterior pituitary?
Definition
BRAIN TISSUE (The ventral diencephalon)
Term
Name the six cell types of the anterior pituitary: TCMSLG
Definition
Thyrocytes, Corticotropes, Melanotropes, Somatotropes, Lactotropes, Gonadotropes
Term
What do Thyrocytes produce?
Definition
Thyroid hormones for metabolism
Term
What do Corticotropes produce?
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) which becomes Glucocorticoids in the adrenal gland
Term
What do Melanotropes produce?
Definition
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone Alpha (pigment formation, feeding regulation)
Term
What do Somatotropes produce?
Definition
Growth hormone for cell proliferation.
Term
What do Lactotropes produce?
Definition
Prolactin (milk production, uterine contractions)
Term
What do Gonadotropes make?
Definition
Lutenizing Hormone and Follicle Stimulating Hormone. (LH and FSH)
Term
What is the target of ACTH and what are the responses to it?
Definition
Adrenal cortex: increases Glucocorticoids, aldosterones and mineral corticoids; helps maintain BP and blood glucose levels, Stress Hormone
Term
What is the target of Growth Hormone and what is the response to it?
Definition
Liver, Body Cells: ↑ Somatostatins, ↑ Lipolysis/Glycogenolysis, ↑ protein synthesis, BLOCKS INSULIN, childhood growth (fat distribution, muscle and bone mass)
Term
What is the target of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone? What is the response to it?
Definition
THYROID GLAND: ↑: T3/T4, O2 consumption, Metabolism, Regulated metabolism/E/Growth/Nervous system activity. Necessary for survival
Term
What is the target of Prolactin? What is the response to it?
Definition
Breasts: milk production, mammary gland dev, sex hormone levels in M&W
Term
What is the target of LH/FSH (Gonadotrophins)? What is the reponse?
Definition
Ovaries/Testes: Sperm/Ova dev, Estrogen/Progesterone in Women and Testosterone in men.
Term
What is the target of Oxytocin? Where is it produced? What is the Response?
Definition
Mammary Glands, Uterus (POSTERIOR PITUITARY): Milk Letdown, Uterine Contraction, Maternal/Social bonding, involved in separation anxiety
Term
What is the target of ADH (Vasopressin)? Where is it produced? What is the response?
Definition
Kidney tubules: ↑ Fluid Retention, Regulates Water Balance
Term
What are the two hormones of the POSTERIOR pituitary?
Definition
ADH (Vasoression), Oxytocin
Term
What are the BINDING PROTEINS [GLOBULINS] and what are their significance?
Definition
Albumin (ALL steroid/lipid sol. hormones), Thyroid-binding globulin, Sex-Hormone binding globulin, Corticosteroid-binding globulin. Hormones BOUND to proteins cannot stimulate cells. Certain hormones can interfere with the normal conc. of unbound hormones in the blood stream.
Term
Almost all pituitary hormones are controlled by a NEGATIVE feedback loop to and from all levels except for:
Definition
Oxytocin, uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary which in turn increases uterine contractions.
Term
STRESS is the biggest stimulator of the HPA Axis. Name the hormones in the HPA (Hypothalamic-->Pituitary-->Adrenal) Axis:
Definition
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)-->Corticotropin (ACTH)-->Cortisol/Androgens
Term
What is secreted by the adrenal CORTEX (the outside of the adrenal gland)?
Definition
Cortisol
Term
What is secreted by the Medulla of the adrenal gland? (The inside of the adrenal gland)
Definition
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Term
The Hippocampus has CRH and Cortisol receptors. There is ______ control from the HIPPOCAMPUS to the HYPOTHALAMUS.
Definition
Inhibitory!!
Term
What are the effects of moderate doses of CRH? Large Doses?
Definition
Mod: increases arousal/decreases exploration
HI: can induce PTSD!
Term
What are the effects of ACTH on central behavior?
Definition
Improves attention and learning in response to negative reinforcement (active/passive avoidance learning.)
Term
What are the CNS effects of HI levels of Glucocorticoids?
Definition
CNS irritability and labile moods.
Term
Hormone secretion can be changed by external env. or by drugs. What are the effects of beta blockers? Insulin (Hypoglycemia)/exercise? Hyperglycemia? Extreme heat/cold?
Definition
- Beta Blockers: ↑GH
- Insulin/Hypoglcemia/exercise: ↑GH and ↑ACTH
- Hyperglycemia: ↓ GH
- Extreme Heat/Cold: ↑ Thyroid
Term
What are DIRECT EFFECTS on receptors by hormones?
Definition
the hormone itself causes the effect (eg Insulin, prolactin)
Term
What is meant by PERMISSIVE effects r/t the action of hormones on target cells?
Definition
Permissive hormones increase the # of receptors which increase the effect of another hormone.
Term
GOOD sleep is critical to healing because GH is secreted during stages __ & __ of slow wave sleep.
Definition
3&4 of sws.
Term
ACTH is associated with circadian rhythms and doesn't shift with day to day changes in sleep patterns. Secretion is ___ during early hrs of sleep and peaks in the ____. Majority of secretion is associated with ---- sleep.
Definition
Lowest during EARLY hrs of sleep and peaks in the MORNING. REM sleep secretions.
Term
Prolactin begins to ____ after sleep, peaking throughout the night and levels ___ after awakening.
Definition
RISE after sleep, drop after awakening.
Term
TSH secretions are ____ by sleep. Thyroid medication should be taken in the evening.
Definition
Inhibited.
Term
_____ are hormones released by the adrenal glands.
Definition
Catecholamines (epi and NE)
Term
Two major stress systems are controlled by the Hypothalamus: control of _____ secretions by the adrenal cortex and ____ by the adrenal medulla.
Definition
Corisol from cortex and epi/NE by medulla.
Term
The _____ nervous system also influences the stress response by stimulating the release of epi/NE by the adrenal medulla.
Definition
Sympathetic Nervous System
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