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Endocrinology
N/A
60
Physiology
Graduate
11/17/2011

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Term
WHAT IS THE SECOND IMPORTANT CONTROL SYSTEM THAT REGULATES THE BODY’S FUNCTIONS?
Definition
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Term
DEFINE THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.
Definition
A HUMORAL SYSTEM BASED ON THE ACTION OF HORMONES WHICH ARE SECRETED BY GLANDS AND WILL ACT FAR FROM THEIR SITE OF PRODUCTION AND SECRETION CONTROLLING THE "TARGET ORGANS"
Term
SOME HORMONES' EFFECTS OCCUR WITHIN ____, OTHERS REQUIRE ____ TO START TO ACT BUT THEIR EFFECTS LAST FOR ____ REGULATING THE DIFFERENT METABOLIC FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY.
Definition
SECONDS, DAYS, WEEKS
Term
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF HORMONES?
Definition
RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS, TRANSPORT OF SUBSTHANCES THROUGH THE MEMBRANE, AND CELLULAR GROWTH AND SECRETION
Term
THERE’RE MANY INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN THE ____ AND ____ SYSTEMS.
Definition
NERVOUS, ENDOCRINE
Term
WHAT TWO GLANDS SECRETE THEIR HORMONES ALMOST ENTIRELY IN RESPONSE TO NEURAL STIMULI?
Definition
ADRENAL MEDULLA, PITUITARY/HYPOPHYSIS
Term
WHAT IS A HORMONE?
Definition
A CHEMICAL SUBS. SECRETED INTO THE INTERNAL BODY FLUIDS BY ONE CELL OR A GROUP OF CELLS AND HAVING A PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTROL EFFECT ON OTHER CELLS OF THE BODY
Term
DEFINE LOCAL HORMONES AND GIVE SOME EXAMPLES.
Definition
LOCAL HORMONES ARE HORMONES THAT ACT AT THE SITE OF PRODUCTION. ACETYLCHOLINE, SECRETIN, CHOLECYSTOKININ
Term
WHAT HORMONE IS A NEUROTRANSMITTER IN BOTH THE PNS AND CNS?
Definition
ACETYLCHOLINE
Term
WHAT HORMONE IS RELEASED BY THE DUODENAL WALL AND TRANSPORTED IN THE BLOOD TO THE PANCREAS?
Definition
SECRETIN
Term
WHAT HORMONE IS RELEASED IN THE SMALL INTESTINES AND TRANSPORTED TO THE GALLBLADDER TO CAUSE ITS CONTRACTION AND TO THE PANCREAS TO SECRETE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES?
Definition
CHOLECYSTOKININ
Term
OTHER HORMONES ARE ____ HORMONES WITH SOME AFFECTING ALL OR ALMOST ALL THE CELLS OF THE BODY AND OTHERS AFFECTING ONLY SPECIFIC TISSUES CALLED "____" BECAUSE ONLY THESE TISSUES HAVE THE SPECIAL TARGET CELL RECEPTORS THAT WILL BIND THE HORMONES TO INITIATE THEIR ACTIONS.
Definition
GENERAL, TARGET TISSUES
Term
WHAT IS BASICALLY NERVOUS TISSUE AND SOME SORT OF EXTENSION OF THE CNS (HYPOTHALAMUS) WITH WHICH MAINTAINS CONSTANT COMMUNICATION THROUGH NEURONAL AXONS?
Definition
POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)
Term
WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLES OF GENERAL HORMONES?
Definition
GROWTH HORMONE, THYROID HORMONE
Term
THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND(ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) REGULATES OTHER GLANDS THROUGH THE ____ HORMONES WHICH ARE RELEASED AFTER STIMULATION BY THE ____ OR FACTORS SECRETED BY THE ____ AND TRAVELING THROUGH THE ____. IT ALSO SECRETES SOME HORMONES WHICH WILL ACT ____ ON DIFFERENT TISSUES, WHICH ARE ____, ____, AND ____.
Definition
TROPIN, RELEASING HORMONES, HYPOTHALAMUS, HYPHPYSIS-HYPOTHALAMUS PORTAL SYSTEM, DIRECTLY, GROWTH HORMONE, PROLACTIN, MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE
Term
WHAT ARE THE TROPIN HORMONES AND WHERE DO THEY ACT?
Definition
1. ACTH (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN HORMONE) SUPRARRENAL OR ADRENAL GLANDS
2. TSH (THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE THYROID GLAND
3. FSH (FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE)OVARIAN FOLLICLES AND TESTICULAR SPERMATOGENESIS CELLS
4. LH (LUTEINIZING HORMONE) OVARIAN FOLLICLES AND TESTICULAR CELLS OF LEYDIG (ICSH)
Term
WHAT ARE FSH AND LH KNOWN AS?
Definition
GONADOTROPIC HORMONES ---> GONADS
Term
WHAT ARE THE RELEASING HORMONES?
Definition
1. TRH (THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE)
---> TSH
2. CRH (CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE) ---> ACTH
3. GHRH (GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE) ---> GH
4. GnRH (GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE) ---> FSH-LH
5. GHIH (GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITORY HORMONE) ---> GH
6. PIH (PROLACTIN INHIBITORY HORMONE
---> PROLACTIN
Term
THE HYPOPHYSIS CONTROLS MOST OF THE ____ GLANDS AND IT'S CONTROLLED BY THEM THROUGH A ____ MECHANISM BY WAY OF THE ____.
Definition
ENDOCRINE, FEEDBACK, HYPOTHALAMUS
Term
THE ____ AND ____ ____ARE ORIGINATED FROM DIFFERENT EMBRIOLOGICAL SOURCES AND THE ____ RECEIVES SIGNALS FROM ALL SOURCES REACTING ACCORDINGLY:

NERVOUS SIGNALS FROM EVERYWHERE: ____ , ____, ____, _____ 
HUMORAL SIGNALS:
____, ____, ____
Definition
ANTERIOR, POSTERIOR PITUITARY, HYPOTHALAMUS, FEAR, PAIN, SMELL, DEPRESSION, ELECTROLYTES, H2O, [HORMONES]
Term
FOR MOST HORMONES THE ____ ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT BUT IN THE PARTICULAR CASE OF PROLACTIN (PH) THE ____ EXERTS MORE CONTROL.
Definition
RELEASING FACTORS,INHIBITOR FACTOR
Term
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF GH (SOMATOTROPIN)?
Definition
CAUSES GROWTH OF ALMOST ALL TISSUES OF THE BODY CAPABLE OF GROWING, ALSO INCREASES THE UTILIZATION OF FAT TO OBTAIN ENERGY OVER CARBOHYDRATES AND PROTEINS AND IS BEING CONSTANTLY SECRETED AND NOT ONLY DURING THE GROWTH PERIOD
Term
AT OLD AGE THE LEVEL OF GH IS ____ OF THAT DURING ADOLESCENCE. ITS RATE OF SECRETION IS CONTROLLED BY THE LEVELS OF ____ AND ____. IN ____ CONDITIONS, HYPOGLYCEMIA IS THE MOST POTENT STIMULATOR OF GH SECRETION. IN ____ CONDITIONS, THE DECREASE IN THE [PROTEIN] IN THE CELLS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR. STARVATION, EXERCISE, EXCITEMENT AND TRAUMA CAUSE ____ IN THE SECRETION OF GH.
Definition
25%, PROTEIN, GLUCOSE, ACUTE, CHRONIC, INCREASE
Term
THE ____ WILL STIMULATE THE SECRETION OF MILK BY THE MAMMARY GLANDS CAUSING ____.
Definition
PROLACTIN, LACTATION
Term
____ WILL ACT ON THE PROLIFERATION, GROWTH AND MATURATION OF ____ IN THE SKIN.
Definition
MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE, MELANOCYTES
Term
THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (POSTERIOR HYPOPHYSIS) IS SECRETING
____ OR ____ AND ____.
Definition
ADH OR VASOPRESSIN, OXYTOCIN
Term
THE ____ RECEIVES DIRECT NEURAL STIMULATION AND SECRETES ADRENERGIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS KNOWN AS ____, WHICH ARE ____ AND ____.
Definition
ADRENAL MEDULLA, CATHECOLAMINES, ADRENALINE, NOR-ADRENALINE
Term
THE ____ IS STIMULATED BY THE ACTH AND SECRETES THE CORTICOIDS WHICH ARE ____ (ALDOSTERONE) TO REGULATE THE BALANCE OF FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES IN THE BODY (H2O AND Na+), THE ____ (CORTISOL) TO ACT ON THE METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES (GLUCOSE), IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES AND ANDROGENS.
Definition
ADRENAL CORTEX, MINERALOCORTICOIDS, GLUCOCORTICOIDS
Term
WHAT HORMONES DOES THE THYROID GLAND SECRETE?
Definition
THYROID HORMONE AND CALCITONIN
Term
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THYROID HORMONE?
Definition
THE THYROID HORMONE (THYROXINE) ACTS ON MOST TISSUES AND CELLS OF THE BODY INCREASING THE METABOLISM OF FAT, PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATES --> INCREASED HEAT PRODUCTION AND BODY TEMP. NORMAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT REQUIRE THYROID HORMONE AS IT DOES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GROWTH HORMONE
Term
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF CALCITONIN?
Definition
REGULATES THE METABOLISM OF Ca2+ BY DECREASING ITS SERUM CONCENTRATION THROUGH DECREASING INHIBITION OF OSTEOCLASTS, DECREASING RELEASE FROM BONES AND ALSO BY DECREASING ABSORPTION IN GI TRACT
Term
WHAT HORMONES DO THE OVARIES PRODUCE?
Definition
ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE
Term
WHAT HORMONE DO THE TESTIES PRODUCE?
Definition
TESTOSTERONE
Term
WHAT HORMONES ACT ON THE SEXUAL GLANDS OF BOTH MALES (TESTES) AND FEMALES (OVARIES) CAUSING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAMETS OR SEXUAL CELLS (EGG AND SPERM) AND ALSO ON THE WHOLE BODY BY DEVELOPING THE SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TO A LOWER EXTENT STIMULATING THE CELL METABOLISM.
Definition
ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE, AND TESTOSTERONE
Term
THE FUNCTION OF THE ____ IS TO SECRETE ESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE TO MAINTAIN ____, BUT IN THE EARLY STAGES IT SECRETES THE ____.
Definition
PLACENTA, PREGNANCY, HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
Term
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN?
Definition
IT IS A HORMONE WHICH WILL STIMULATE THE SECRETION OF ESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE BY THE OVARIES.
Term
WHAT ORGAN HAS AN ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE FUNCTION?
Definition
PANCREAS
Term
WHAT MAKES UP THE ENDOCRINE PORTION OF THE PANCREAS AND WHAT IS ITS FUNCTION?
Definition
LANGERHANS ISLETS, SECRETES INSULIN AND GLUCAGON WHICH BASICALLY REGULATES THE METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATE (GLUCOSE) AND ALSO FAT AND PROTEIN
Term
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE PARATHYROID GLAND?
Definition
PRODUCES THE PARATHYROID HORMONE
(PARATOHORMONE), BASICALLY IN CHARGE OF THE METABOLISM OF Ca2+
Term
WHAT CELLS OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHAN SECRETE INSULIN?
Definition
BETA CELLS
Term
WHAT CELLS OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHAN SECRETE GLUCAGON?
Definition
ALPHA CELLS
Term
T OR F: INSULIN INHIBITS THE SECRETION OF GLUCAGON.
Definition
TRUE
Term
T OR F: GLUCAGON IS SECRETED WHEN THERE'S AN ENERGY SURPLUS.
Definition
FALSE
Term
INGESTION OF ENERGY-GIVING FOODS,
(ESPECIALLY LARGE AMTS. OF CARB. AND PROTEIN) INCREASE ____ SECRETION. THIS EFFECT IS MORE IMPORTANT FOR ____ AND THE HORMONE ALSO PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN STORING THIS FOOD (CARB.) AS ____ IN THE LIVER AND SKELETAL MUSCLE. ____ ARE ALSO STORED IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUE AND THE EXCESS OF CARB. THAT CAN'T BE STORED AS GLYCOGEN IS STORED AS ____ AFTER BEING TRANSFORMED.
Definition
INSULIN, CARBOHYDRATES, GLYCOGEN, FATS, FAT
Term
WHAT DOES INSULIN DO IN THE CASE OF PROTEINS?
Definition
PROMOTES THE UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS BY THE CELLS, THEIR CONVERSION TO PROTEIN AND ALSO INHIBITS THE BREAKDOWN OF PROTEIN INTO AMINO ACIDS.
Term
WITHIN ____, AFTER INSULIN BINDS WITH ITS MEMBRANE RECEPTORS, THE MEMBRANE OF ABOUT ____ OF THE BODY'S CELLS BECOME HIGHLY PERMEABLE TO ____. THIS IS TYPICAL OF ____ AND ____ CELLS BUT NOT FOR ____ IN THE BRAIN.
Definition
SECONDS, 80%, GLUCOSE, MUSCLE, ADIPOSE, NEURONS
Term
T OR F:
DURING MODERATE TO HEAVY EXERCISE THE MUSCLES DO USE LARGE AMOUNTS OF GLUCOSE WITHOUT REQUIRING LARGE AMOUNTS OF INSULIN BECAUSE THE EXERCISING MUSCLE FIBERS BECOME HIGHLY PERMEABLE TO GLUCOSE EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF THE HORMONE.
Definition
TRUE
Term
THE SECOND OCCASION FOR MUSCLE TO USE LARGE AMOUNTS OF GLUCOSE IS DURING THE
FEW HOURS ____ MEALS BECAUSE GLUCOSE CAUSES A/AN ____ IN INSULIN AND ____ THE PERMEABILITY FOR GLUCOSE.
Definition
AFTER, INCREASE, INCREASES
Term
WHAT HAPPENS IF MUSCLES ARE NOT EXERCISING AND GLUCOSE IS STILL COMING IN?
Definition
GLUCOSE IS CONVERTED TO GLYCOGEN AND IS STORED TO BE USED WHEN NEEDED, EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF O2
Term
OF ALL THE EFFECTS OF INSULIN, WHAT IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ONES?
Definition
TO PROMOTE THE ABSORPTION OF GLUCOSE BY THE LIVER ALMOST IMMEDIATELY TO BE
STORED AS GLYCOGEN
Term
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE LIVER BETWEEN MEALS, WHEN NO FOOD IS AVAILABLE AND BLOOD GLUCOSE STARTS TO DECREASE AND THUS THE INSULIN LEVELS DROP?
Definition
THE GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVER IS BROKEN DOWN BACK INTO GLUCOSE AND RELEASED INTO THE BLOOD TO MAINTAIN THE PROPER GLYCEMIA
Term
WHAT IS THE NET EFFECT OF INSULIN IN THE LIVER?
Definition
INCREASE GLYCOGEN LEVELS
Term
T OR F:
INSULIN ALSO INHIBITS GLYCOLYSIS (SYNTHESIS OF GLUCOSE FROM NON-CARBOHYDRATE PRECURSOR).
Definition
FALSE
Term
INSULIN HAS ____ ON THE BRAIN CELLS WHICH ARE NORMALLY PERMEABLE TO ____ AND CAN USE IT WITHOUT INSULIN ACTION, AND SINCE THE BRAIN HAS A LOT OF ____ USING OTHER NUTRIENTS, THE LEVELS OF BLOOD GLUCOSE MUST BE MAINTAINED IN A VERY PRECISE WAY.
Definition
NO EFFECT, GLUCOSE, DIFFICULTY
Term
WHAT CAN HYPOGLYCEMIA LEAD TO?
Definition
COMA ---> DEATH
Term
INSULIN ALSO ____ THE UTILIZATION OF
GLUCOSE BY THE CELLS, ____ THE USE OF FAT CAUSING ____ OF FAT DEPOSITS.
Definition
INCREASES, DECREASES, PRESERVATION
Term
IF INSULIN LEVELS ____, TRIGLYCERIDES ARE SPLIT INTO ____ + ____ TO THE
BLOOD, AND THE LIVER ALSO RELEASES ____ AND ____, MEANING THAT WHEN INSULIN ____, THE ____ USE OF FATS BY THE CELLS AND TISSUES CAUSES ____ + ____ = ____.
Definition
DECREASE, GLYCEROL, FATTY ACIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, CHOLESTEROL, DECREASES, INCREASED, KETOSIS, ACIDOSIS, KETOACIDOSIS
Term
GLUCAGON SECRETION, ON THE OTHER HAND, IS ____ WHEN BLOOD GLUCOSE IS LOW BECAUSE ITS MAIN FUNCTION IS TO ____ THE BLOOD LEVELS OF GLUCOSE.
Definition
INCREASED, INCREASE
Term
WHAT HORMONE BREAKS DOWN THE LIVER’S GLYCOGEN, STIMULATING GLYCOGENOLYSIS AND GLUCONEOGENESIS?
Definition
GLUCAGON
Term
WHAT HORMONE ACTIVATES ADIPOSE CELL LIPASE INCREASING THE NUMBER OF FATTY ACIDS AVAILABLE AND INHIBITS THE STORAGE OF TRIGLYCERIDES IN THE LIVER?
Definition
GLUCAGON
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