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Endocrine system
chapter 16
12
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/26/2012

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Term
How do Steroid hormones influence cellular activities?
Definition
by binding to DNA and forming a gene-hormone complex.
Steroid hormones enter the cell and form a DNA/hormone complex before they change cellular function.
Term
What is the chemical classification of hormones?
Definition
The chemical classification of hormones is either amino acid-based hormones or steroids
Term
The metabolic rate of most body tissues is controlled directly by
Definition
TH. Thyroid hormones control the consumption of oxygen by all body tissues, by way of an increase in glucose metabolism
Term
How do protein kinases affect enzymes?
Definition
They add a phosphate group (phosphorylation) to the enzyme.
Protein kinases cause phosphorylation of the enzyme that either activates or inhibits it.
Term
Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest:
Definition
Water-soluble hormones exhibit the shortest half-life.
Term
one or more changes hormonal stimulus typically produces
Definition
1 alters plasma membrane permeability by opening or closing ion channels
2 activats or deactivates enzymes
3 Induces secretory activity
4 Stimulates mitosis
Term
Cyclic AMP secondary-messenger mechanisms of water-soluble hormones
Definition
1 Hormone binds to receptor
2 Receptor activates G protein
3 G protein activates adenylate cyclase
4 Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to Cyclis AMP
5 Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases
Term
Direct gene activation mechanism of lipi-soluble hormone
Definition
1 Sterois hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds to intracellular receptor
2 receptor hormone complex enters the nucleus
3 receptor hormone complex binds a hormone reponse element
4 binding intiates transcription of the gene to mRNA
5 mRNA directs protein synthesis
Term
3 types of endocrine gland stimuli
Definition
1 Humoral
2 Neural
3 Hormonal
Term
The endocrine organs
Definition
1. pituutary
2. thyroid
3. parathyroid
4. adrenal
5. pineal
Term
hormones alter cell activity by
Definition
stimulation or inhibiting characteristics cellular processes of their target cells
Term
What regulates the hormonal output of the anterior pituitary via releasing and inhibiting hormones
Definition
hypothalamus
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