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Endocrine System
Endocrine System
35
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
08/11/2009

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Term
What is the function of the Endocrine System
Definition
Communicate
between cells and
integrate cellular
activity to maintain
body homeostasis
Term
Describe the difference between the Endocrine cells and Exocrine cells
Definition
Endocrine cells
• Glandular secretory cells that release their secretions
into ECF – uses hormones
Exocrine cells
• Secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces
Term
What is Autocrine Intercellular Communication
Definition
– Local effect on
same cell type
Term
What is Paracrine Intercellular Communication
Definition
Local effect on
other types of
cells
Term
What are 3 Groups of
Hormones
Definition
• amino acids - Small molecules
structurally
related to
Individual
amino acids
• peptide & protein
hormones - Chains of
amino acids
– Synthesized as
prohormones - Carbon rings
and side chains,
built from fatty
acids or
cholesterol
• lipid derivatives
Term
How do hormones get from endocrine organ to
target cell?
Definition
Hydrophilic – unbound
– ex. E, NE, dopamine
– Must bind to
receptor on cell
membrane
• Hydrophobic – bound
to transport protein
– ex. steroids
– Lipid soluble
– Diffuse across
membrane to
receptors inside cell
Term
Secreted hormones cause changes in
receptor number on target cells via
Definition
Up regulation
– Target cell makes more
receptors
– Example: estrogen causes
uterus to make more
receptors for progesterone
• Down regulation
– Target cell destroys
receptors
– Example: progesterone
causes uterus to destroy
estrogen receptors
Term
First messenger =
Definition
hormone
Term
Second messenger
Definition
acts as an
enzyme activator, inhibitor or
cofactor
Term
Link between 1st & 2nd
messenger:
Definition
G protein
Term
What is the Amplification & Cascade Effect
Definition
Binding of
small # of
hormone
molecules
leads to
appearance
of thousands
of 2nd
messengers
Term
what connects the Hypothalamus & pituitary gland
Definition
Connected by
infindibulum
Term
Which part of the pituitary gland has more blood vessels
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
Another name for the Pituitary Gland
Definition
Hypophysis
Term
How many hormones are released by the pituitary gland
Definition
9 (2 from posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)
– 7 from anterior lobe (adenohypophysis
Term
Anterior Lobe Hormones
Definition
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH),Adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH),Gonadotropins:
– Follicle-stimulating
hormone (FSH)
– Lutenizing hormone
(LH), Prolactin (PRL),Prolactin-inhibiting
hormone (PIH) (from
hypothalamus), Prolatin-releasing factors
(PRF) (from hypothalamus),Growth hormone (GH), Somatomedins or insulin-like growth factors
(IGFs)
Term
Posterior Lobe Hormones
Definition
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH), Oxytocin
Term
TSH
Definition
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone, Targets thyroid &
triggers release of
thyroid hormone
Term
ACTH
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic
Stimulates release
of steroid hormones
by adrenal cortex
Term
FSH
Definition
Follicle-stimulating
hormone
Stimulates
speratogenesis
• Follicle dev.
• Stimulates
estrogen
production
Term
LH
Definition
Lutenizing hormone
Induces ovulation
Term
PRL
Definition
Prolactin, Milk production
Term
PIH
Definition
Prolactin-inhibiting
hormone
Term
PRF
Definition
Prolatin-releasing factors
Term
GH
Definition
Growth hormone, Stimulates cell growth
Term
IGF
Definition
insulin-like growth factors, synthesized & released by liver
Term
ADH
Definition
Posterior Lobe Hypothalmus, Antidiuretic Hormone, Decreases amount of water
lost at kidneys
• Elevates blood pressure
• Release inhibited by alcohol
• Hyposecretion  Diabetes
insipidus
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
Posterior Lobe, Stimulates contractile
cells in mammary glands
• Stimulates smooth
muscles in uterus
• Secretion and milk
ejection are part of
neuroendocrine reflex
Term
What Hormones are produced in the adrenal medula
Definition
Epinephrine and noepinephrine
Term
What Hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex
Definition
cortisol and corticosterone
Term
4 Effects of PTH
Definition
1. It stimulates osteoclasts:
– releases Ca2+ from bone
2. It inhibits osteoblasts:
– reduces rate of calcium deposition in bone
3. It enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ at
kidneys, reducing urinary loss
4. It stimulates formation and secretion of
calcitriol at kidneys
– Enhances Ca2+, PO4
3— absorption by gut
Term
When blood glucose levels rise:
Definition
beta cells secrete insulin, stimulates
transport of glucose across cell
membranes
Term
When blood glucose levels decline
Definition
alpha cells secrete glucagons, stimulates
glucose release by liver
Term
5 Effects of Insulin
Definition
1. Accelerates glucose uptake
2. Accelerates glucose utilization and
enhanced ATP production
3. Stimulates glycogen formation
4. Stimulates amino acid absorption and
protein synthesis
5. Stimulates triglyceride formation in
adipose tissue
Term
Effects of Glucagons
Definition
1. Stimulates breakdown of glycogen in
skeletal muscle and liver cells
2. Stimulates breakdown of triglycerides in
adipose tissue
3. Stimulates production of glucose in liver
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