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Endocrine System
N/A
24
Biology
Undergraduate 2
04/09/2014

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Term
Endocrine signal
Definition
Signal that travels through the blood
Term
Exocrine signal
Definition
Signal that travels through ducts
Term
Paracrine signal
Definition

Signal that is exclusively local

Travels in intertitial fluids

Is often hydrophobic

Often associated with the nervous system

Term
Juxtacrine signal
Definition
Signal that remains attached to the cell that produces it
Term
Autocrine signal
Definition
Signal released by its own target cell
Term
Description of parabiosis
Definition

Attach two organisms together; apply stimulus in only one organism. If both organisms respond, then it is most likely a hormone involved.

 

Term
Types of animal hormones
Definition
  1. Peptides
  2. Steroids
  3. Amines
Term
Where are the receptors for peptides? Why?
Definition
In plasma membrane; soluble (hydrophilic)
Term
Where are receptors for steroids? Why?
Definition
Receptor in cytoplasm/nucleus due to hydrophobocity
Term
Effects of epinephrine
Definition
  1. Liver breaks down glycogen for glucose
  2. Heart beats faster and stronger to increase BP
  3. Blood vessels to gut and sking constrict
  4. Fat cells release fatty acids
Term
Purpose of androgen
Definition

If present, penis and scrotum form

Default: female reproductive organs

Term
Leptin
Definition
Active during puberty
Term
Factors that affect blood glucose levels
Definition
  1. Diet
  2. Metabolism
  3. Excretion
  4. Storage/removal from storage
Term
Causes of hypoglycemia (diabetics)
Definition
  1. Injected insulin without meal
  2. Injected too much insulin
Term
Causes of hypoglycemia (non-diabetics)
Definition
  1. Too much insulin
  2. Too little glucagon
  3. Anorexia
Term
Symptoms of hypoglycemia
Definition
  1. Brain does not have enough glucose for metabolic needs
  2. Dysphoria (state of feeling unwell or unhappy)
  3. Seizures
  4. Unconciousness
  5. Brain damage
  6. Death
Term
Treatments for hypoglycemia
Definition
  1. Eat something with glucose
  2. Inject glucagon
  3. Surgical removal of pancreas
  4. Medications- Gluccorticoids
Term
Symptoms of diabetes
Definition
  1. Excess thrist
  2. Excess hunger
  3. Excess urine
  4. Dry mouth and skin
  5. Dehydration
  6. Fatigue
  7. Blurry vision
  8. Erectile dysfunction
  9. Weight loss
  10. Frequent infection
  11. Wounds heal slowly
  12. Stupor
  13. Coma
  14. Cardiac arrhythmia
  15. Ketoacidosis (excess breakdown of fatty acids)
Term
Complications of hyperglycemia
Definition
  1. Neuropathy
  2. Cardiovascular damage
  3. Retinopathy
  4. Kidney problems
  5. Foot and hand damage
Term
Cause of type I diabetes
Definition
Pancreas cannot produce insulin
Term
Treatments of type I diabetes
Definition
  1. Insulin treatments with monitoring diet
  2. Replacement of pancreas
  3. Replacement of islet cells of pancreas
Term
Causes of type II diabetes
Definition
  1. Low insulin levels
  2. Improper secretion of insulin
  3. Reduced response to insulin in blood
Term
Risk factors for type II diabetes
Definition
  1. Heredity
  2. Lack of exercise
  3. Obesity
  4. Diet
  5. Medication
Term
Treatment of type II diabetes
Definition
  1. Insulin treatments with monitoring of diet
  2. Exercise
  3. Oral medication
  4. Bariatric surgery
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