Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Endo 1&2
Intro and Organization
41
Veterinary Medicine
Not Applicable
01/23/2017

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
When are positive feedback mechanisms used?
Definition
-blood clotting
-ovulation
-parturition
Term
What is an endocrine gland
Definition
tissue which releases a substance into the blood stream, which will travel to create a change in a target cell
Term
What are the classes of hormones?
Definition
FAPPS

Fatty acid derivatives (prostaglandins)
AA derivatives (epinephrine)
Peptides (hypothalamic factors)
Proteins (growth hormone)
steroids (cholesterol der. e.e. glucocorticoids)
Term
What is an intracrine cell?
Definition
cell that produces a hormone which stays within the cell and targets an organelle within it
Term
What is an autocrine cell?
Definition
cell that produces a hormone which exits the cell and then targets it from the outside
Term
What is a juxtacrine cell?
Definition
cell that produces a hormone which creates a change in the mmb of the cell, which subsequently changes the mmb of the adjacent cell (hormone never leaves its' original cell)
Term
What is different about the synthesis & release of steroid hormones?
Definition
they are synth in SER & mitochondria, and then diffuse out of the cell after synthesis (they are never stored)

=constitutive secretion
Term
preprohormones are stored in the....
Definition
RER
Term
What is a prohormone?
Definition
hormone that needs to be cleaved once to become active
Term
Prohormone is cleaved in the...
Definition
golgi
Term
Where are the receptors for steroid & thyroid hormones found?
Definition
thyroid - targets are in the nucleus
steroid - receptors are in the cytoplasm
Term
How do ion channel receptors work?
Definition
hormone binds to receptor on the outside of the cell, which opens ion channels to allow them to move in/out
Term
What hormones use ion channel receptors?
Definition
growth factors, Ach receptors in the synaptic cleft
Term
How do tyrosine kinase receptors work?
Definition
1. Hormone binds to LBD outside of cell
2. Receptor dimerizes (pair binds) to activate tyrosine kinase.
3. TK can create a protein phosphorylation cascade
Term
What type of receptor does insulin use?
Definition
tyrosine kinase
Term
What type of receptor does growth hormone use?
Definition
cytokine receptors
Term
How do cytokine receptors work?
Definition
1. Hormone binds outside cell, the 2 domains of the receptor couple.
2. JAK is recruited to the intracellular domain of the receptor, is activated once it binds.
3. JAK catalyzes phoshporylation of STAT
4. STAT-P activates signal transducers & transcription factors to change gene expression.
Term
How do cAMP G-protein receptors work?
Definition
1. Hormone binds to extracellular domain of receptor
2. G protein releases alpha subunit (can be s or i)
3. Alpha activates adenylate cyclase
4. AC catalyzes conversion of ATP to cAMP
5. cAMP activates carious hormones, or transcription factors
Term
How do phospholipase C G-protein receptors work?
Definition
1. Hormone binds to extracellular domain of receptor
2. G protein releases alpha-Q subunit
3. Alpha-Q activates phospholipase C.
4. PlpC can make DAG (activates protein kinase C) or IP3 (releases Ca2+ from ER)
Term
The posterior lobe of the pituitary (neurohypophysis) originates from the...
Definition
neuroectoderm (outgrowth of the hypothalamus)
Term
The anterior lobe of the pituitary (adenophypohysis) develops from the...
Definition
Rathke's pouch
Term
The pars nervosa comprises the (posterior/anterior) pituitary
Definition
posterior
Term
The pars distalis comprises the (posterior/anterior) pituitary
Definition
anterior
Term
What regulates the secretion of ACTH?
Definition
CRH
Term
What does somatostatin do?
Definition
inhibits GH secretion
Term
What does GHRH do?
Definition
stimulates GH secretion
Term
What does DOPA (dopamine) do?
Definition
inhibits prolactin secretion
Term
What does SAL (salsolinol) do?
Definition
stimulates prolactin secretion in ruminants
Term
What regulates secretion of MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone)?
Definition
MIF inhibits, MRF stimulates
Term
What are the 3 "families" of anterior pituitary hormones?
Definition
POMC (peptides)
Somatomammotropic (proteins)
Glycoproteins
Term
What hormones make up the POMC family?
Definition
ACTH
MSH
End (beta endorphin
Enk (enkephalin)
Term
What hormones make up the somatomammotropic family?
Definition
GH
Prolactin
Somatolactin
Term
What hormones make up the glycoprotein family?
Definition
TSH
FSH
LH
Term
What hypothalamic nuclei are responsible for oxytocin?
Definition
paraventricular
Term
What hypothalamic nuclei are responsible for ADH?
Definition
supraoptic
Term
Which cells of the pars distalis are basophils?
Definition
thyrotropes
corticotropes
gonadotrophs
Term
Where are magnocellular neurons found
Definition
posterior pituitary
Term
What cells of the pars distalis are acidophils?
Definition
lactotropes
somatotropes
Term
What does the MC1-R receptor do?
Definition
Found within melanocytes, MC1-R is the receptor for MSH-R to promote melanin production & cell proliferation
Term
What does the MC2-R receptor do?
Definition
Primary receptor for ACTH-R, stimulates glucocorticoid production in the adrenal cortex and lipolysis in adipocytes
Term
What does the MC3-R receptor do?
Definition
regulation of hypothermia, bradycardia, hypotension
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