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Embryology Weeks 3-8
KYCOM Block 1
38
Biology
Graduate
08/20/2012

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Term
organogenesis
Definition

aka embryonic period

when each of the germ layers gives rise to tissues

Term
when have all the main organ systems been established
Definition
by the end of the embryonic period
Term
when are the external features of the body noticable
Definition
the end of the second month
Term
descbe the process of neurlation
Definition

1. neural plate formation induces neuroectoderm

2. the neural plate elongates

3. lateral edges of plate elevate and meet at the midline

4. edges fuse into a tube

Term
cranial and caudal neuropores
Definition
the openings at the end of the neural tube communicate with the amniotic cavity with these pores
Term
when does the cranial neuropore close
Definition
day 25
Term
when does the caudal neuropore close
Definition
day 27
Term
when is the neural tube completely closed
Definition
day 27 when both neuropores close and when dilations (brain vessicles) form in the cephalic region
Term
describe the movement of formation of the neural tube
Definition
begins in cervical area and forms bidirectionally from there
Term
neural crest cell formation
Definition

1. cells from the lateral border (crest) of the neural plate break away while the neural tube is forming

2. the cells change from epithelial to mesenchymal

3. BMP induces the formation, migration, proliferation, and differentation of the neural crest cells

Term
mesenchyme
Definition
loosly organized embryonic connective tissue regardless of the origin
Term
where are all ganglia formed
Definition
the neural crest
Term
the neural crest forms the following...
Definition

all ganglia

connective tissue and bones of face and scull

C cells of thydoid

conotruncal seprum of the heart

odontoblasts

dermis of face and neck

adrenal medulla

schwann cells

glial cells

meninges of the forebrain

melanocytes

smooth muscle cells of blood vessels in the face and forebrain

Term
anencephaly
Definition

neural tube defect

fails to close at crainial end

leads to death, inability to swallow, usually still born

Term
spina bifida
Definition

neural tube fails to close in the cervical region or down farther

the patient can live fine most of the time

Term
how can neural tube defects be prevented
Definition
mom takes folic acid 3mo to conception
Term
what does the ectoderm develop into
Definition
CNS, PNS, sensory epithelium of ears and nose, epidermis, hair, glands, nails, pituitary, tooth enamel
Term
what does the mesoderm along the midline derive into
Definition

paraxial mesoderm on the sides of the axis

lateral plate mesoderm

Term
what does the lateral plate mesoderm derive into
Definition

somatic / parietal mesoderm

splanchnic / visceral mesoderm

Term
intraembryonic cavity
Definition

formed by the parietal and visceral mesoderm

later makes the thorasic and abdominal cavity

Term
where is the parietal mesoderm located
Definition
continous with mesoderm covering the amnion
Term
what does the parietal mesoderm develop into
Definition
thorasic pleura, abdominal pleura, peritoneium, serous membranes
Term
where is the visceral mesoderm located
Definition
continous with the yolk sac
Term
what does the visceral mesoderm make
Definition
membranes around organs
Term
what does the paraxial mesoderm make
Definition

unorganized somitomeres (first in cephalic)

later it maes organized somites which turn into muscle, dermis, skeletal, vertebre, ribs

Term
where is the indermediate mesoderm located
Definition
connects paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm
Term
what does the intermediate mesoderm make
Definition
urogenital, future nephrotones (segmental cell clusters), nephrogenic pores (unsegmented cell clusters), cervical to caudal regions, gonads, excretory units, mesonephros
Term
what is a way to determine the age of an embryo
Definition
counting somites
Term
vasculogenesis
Definition

1. VEGF activates hemangioblasts

2. hemangioblasts induce to form blood cells and blood islands (week 3)

3. blood islands form vessels

Term
VEGF
Definition

vascular endothelial growth factor

mesoderm secretes them so they induce hemangioblasts to do vasculogenesis

Term
angiogenesis
Definition
vessels sprout from current vessels
Term
what the endoderm makes
Definition
GI tract, the root of the yolk sac, gut tube, epithelial lining of: respiratory tract, gut, parathyroid, liver, pancreas, laticular stroma, bladder, urethra, tympanic cavity, auditory tube
Term
parts of the gut tube
Definition

foregut: cranial region

heind gut: tail region

midgut

Term
vitelline
Definition
how the midgut temporairly communicates with the yolk sac via a broad stalk
Term
cloacal membrane
Definition
holds ectoderm and endoderm together, ruptures during week 7 making the anus
Term
buccopharyngeal membrane
Definition

holds the ectoderm and endoderm together at the cephalic end

breaks down in week 4 connecting the amniotc cavity and the primitive gut

evuntally makes the mouth

Term
timeframe where the baby is called am embryo
Definition
week 7 and earlier
Term
timeframe where the baby is called a fetus
Definition
week 8 and earlier
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