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Embryology 2
6/14/11 9 am lecture KU SOM prematriculation
41
Medical
Professional
06/14/2011

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Term
How does gastrulation begin?
Definition
begins with primitive streak forming on the epiblast (tail end)
Term
Describe the layers formed during gastrulation
Definition
primitive streak is formed by invagination of epiblast cells. Some become endoderm, the middle become mesoederm and remaining epiblast cells become ectoderm
Term
this part of the epiblast becomes the head. Tail?
Definition
buccopharyngeal membrane

clocal plate
Term
describe the role of the primitive node
Definition
acts as an "organizer" of gastrulation and signaling center to pattern germ layers
Term
what direction do cells move once they go in the primitive streak?
Definition
cranially and laterally
Term
what causes the movement of cells through the prmitive node?
Definition
Fibroblast Growth Factor
Term
during gastrulation, what happens to the hypoblast cells?
Definition
they are replaced (now called endoderm)
Term
in what direction does the notocord form?
Definition
crainal to caudal (head to foot) as primitve streak and node regress
Term
how is the notocord formed?
Definition
1) hypoblast cells intercalate to form notochordal plate (mesodermal and endodermal)

2) endoderm cells detatch
Term
function of the notocord?
Definition
induces neural tube
Term
This section acts as a second signaling region (with the node) that espresses genes essential for the head

When does this occur?
Definition
Anterior Visceral Ecdoderm

before gastrulation
Term
this growth factor initates and maintains the primitive streak
Definition
nodal
Term
this is the ventralizing signaling portein
Definition
Bone morphogenetic protein 4

BMP4
Term
these 4 antaganize BMP4 and dosalize the layers
Definition
chordin, goosecoid, noggin and follistatin
Term
this dorsalizes the mesoderm in the tail
Definition
brachyury
Term
name the 3 layers of mesoderm near the notocord
Definition
periaxial

intermediate

lateral plate
Term
what can cause conjoined twins in mice?
Definition
lack of gooscoid
Term
this is a condition caused by lack of brachyury T gene
Definition
caudal dysgenesis (flipper kids)
Term
This gene is responsible for L R axis

what makes it left sided, right sided?
Definition
FGF8 induces nodal on L side

Sonic Hedgehog represses L side genes on R side
Term
in mice, these cells were responsible for 1/3 of Left/Right sided defects
Definition
cilliated
Term
what do periaxial mesoderm become?

intermediate?

lateral plate?

extra embryonic?
Definition
somites

urogenital system

body wall heart and blood vessels

chorion
Term
at what point does differentiation occur? What direction?
Definition
mid 3rd to 4th week cephalocaudally (gastrualtion occurs in caudal portiaons while differentiation occurs cranially)
Term
this is when high doeses of alcohol leasding to facial malformation during gastrulation
Definition
holoprosencephaly
Term
this is cilliated cell defects leadting to transposition of viscera in thorax and abdomen
Definition
situs inversus
Term
what happens if primitive streak doesnt disappear?
Definition
sacrcococcygeal teratoma (tumor containing tissues from all 3 germ layers)
Term
describe the 3 stages of villi in the trophoblast
Definition
Primary villus: 2 trophoblast layers

Secondary villus: mesoderm core

Tertiary Villus: capillaries present
Term
@ the end of the 3rd week describe the trophoblast arrangement
Definition
cytotrophoblast now attaches to uterus

syntiotrophoblast now lacunae
Term
this is a diagram that tells us where epiblast cells end up
Definition
fate map
Term
@ the end of the 3rd week describe the capillary arrangement
Definition
villus caps contact vessels in the chorionic plate and connecting stalk, wich in turn contact intraembryonic vessels. IT IS READY FOR HEART BEAT TO BEGIN!!
Term
name 7 behavioral determinants of health
Definition
alcohol, tobacco, firearms, motor vehicle, diet and activity, sex behavior, illegal drugs
Term
Non medical issues that can influence health behavior
Definition
psychological issues (fear of outside)

Cultural Issues (healers?)

Socioeconomic issues (cant afford to eat healthy?)
Term
How was smoking behavior changed accomplished?
Definition
smoking bans (cant smoke at work!)

counseling (brief advice (did not work), individual, group, telephone)
Term
barriers in interviewing older adults
Definition
ageism, sensory loss, dysarthria, aphasia, AMS
Term
special parts to geriatric interview
Definition
audio visual
gait/mobility/falls
insomnia
nutrition
GU

gI
aDL/IADL (activities in daily living, insturmental activities in daily living)
mood/memory
enviroment
sexuality
Term
what is the idea behind gaining / losing a lot of weight over time?
Definition
serial weight
Term
ADL vs IADL
Definition
ADL: dressing, eating, ambulating, peeing, hygine (stuff at home)

Shopping, housekeeping, telephone
Term
this helps determine cognative ability
Definition
mini mental status exam (MMSE)
Term
screening methods for hearing / vision
Definition
vision: can you read the paper, pocket guide

hearing: finger rub, can they hear in the interview
Term
what is a brown bag test?
Definition
asking elderly patients to bring in all the medication they are taking in a brown bag, and go through it with them.
Term
6 ways to enhance adherance for elderly
Definition
simlplify

write things down

encourage a pill box

include family or friend in care

sensitivity to cost concerns

reminder calls for appointments!
Term
parts of enviromental interveiw for old folks (5)
Definition
who lives at home

stairs?

daily contacts

trasportation

home services?
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