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Economics Test 1
Owensboro Community College // Graham
44
Economics
Undergraduate 1
09/10/2008

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Term
Scarcity
Definition
fact that resources are insufficient to satisfy all decided uses there of
Term
Factors of Production
Definition
resource inputs used to produce goods and services (land, labor, capital, entrep)
Term
Production Possibilities Curve
Definition
alternative combination of final goods and services that could be produced with all available resources and technology
Term
Capital
Definition
final goods produced for use in production of other goods (equipment, structures)
Term
Labor
Definition
called human capital; knowledge and skills possessed by the workforce
Term
Entrepreneurship
Definition
assembling of resources to produce new and improved products and technologies
Term
Opportunity Cost
Definition
the most desired services that are foregone in order to obtain something else
Term
Efficiency
Definition
Maximum output of a good from the resources used in production
Term
Economic Growth
Definition
an increase in output (real gdp); an expansion in production possibilities
Term
Market Mechanism
Definition
the use of market prices and sales to signal desired output (of resource allocation)
Term
Laissez Faire
Definition
doctrin of "Leave it Alone" of not intervention by government in the market mechanism
Term
Mixed Economy
Definition
economy that uses both market signals and government directories to allocate goods and resources
Term
Government Failure
Definition
government intervention that fails to improve economic outcomes
Term
Market Failure
Definition
an imperfection in the market mechanism that prevents optimal outcomes
Term
GDP
Definition
total market value of all final goods and services produced with a nations borders in a time period
Term
GNP
Definition
total market value of all final goods and services produced in US owned companies everywhere in a given time period
Term
Per Capita GDP
Definition
dollar value of GDP divided by total population
Term
Investment
Definition
expenditures on production of new plants, equipment, structures (capital) in a given time period; plus changes in business inventions
Term
Income Transfer
Definition
payments to individuals for which no current goods or services are exchanged (social security, welfare, unemployment)
Term
Exports
Definition
goods and services sold to foreign buyers
Term
Imports
Definition
goods and services purchased from foreign sellers
Term
Net Exports
Definition
value of exports minus value of imports
Term
Productivity
Definition
output per unit of input, such as output per labor hour
Term
Capital Intensive
Definition
production process that uses high ratio of capital to labor inputs
Term
Extranalities
Definition
cost (or benefits) of a market activity born by a 3rd party
Term
Factor Market
Definition
anyplace where factors of production (land, labor, capital) are bought and sold
Term
Product Market
Definition
anyplace where finished goods and services are bought and sold
Term
Supply
Definition
the ability and willingness to sell (produce) specific quantity of a good at alternative prices
Term
Demand
Definition
ability and willingness to buy specific quantities of a good at alternative prices
Term
Demand Schedule
Definition
table showing quantity of a good the consumer is willing and able to buy at alternative prices
Term
Demand Curve
Definition
curve describing quantities of a good the consumer is willing and able to buy at alternative prices
Term
Law of Demand
Definition
quantity of a good demanded at a given time period increases as it's price falls
Term
Substitute Goods
Definition
goods that substitute for each other; when the price of good x rises the price of y does also
Term
Shift in Demand (Change in Demand)
Definition
change in the quantity demanded at any and every given price
Term
Market Demand
Definition
total quantity of a good or service people are willing and able to buy at alternative prices; sum of individual demands
Term
Complimentary Goods
Definition
goods frequently consumed in combinations; where price of good x falls prices of y falls
Term
Law of Supply
Definition
quantity of good supplied in a given time period increases as it's price increases
Term
Public Good
Definition
good or service whos consumption by 1 person does not exclude consumption by others
Term
Private Good
Definition
good or service whos consumption excludes consumption by others
Term
Market Power
Definition
ability to alter the market price of a good or service
Term
Natural Monopoly
Definition
(law of supply doesn't apply) industry in which one firm can achieve economics of scale over the entire range of market supply
Term
Monopoly
Definition
firm that produces the entire market supply of a particular good or service
Term
Progressive Tax
Definition
tax system in which tax rises as income rises
Term
Regressive Tax
Definition
tax system in which tax rates fall as income rises
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