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econ vocab
n/a
71
Business
Post-Graduate
02/10/2009

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Term
Globalization
Definition
The trend towards an integrated and interdependent world economy.
Term
Effects of globalization
Definition
Cars
Food
Jobs
Clothes
Term
Globalization of Markets
Definition
INDUSTRIES and national MARKETS merging into one global marketplace, tastes and preferences in CONVERGING upon a global norm.
Ex) Sony Playstation, Coca-Cola, McDonald's hamburgers
Term
Globalization of Production
Definition
Global SOURCING of goods and services, differences in cost and quality of FACTORS OF PRODUCTION.
Term
Factors of Production
Definition
used to compete effectively.
Ex) land, labor,capital, and energy
Term
Global Institutions
Definition
*manage, regulate, and police global market
*promote multinational treaties to govern global business
Ex) World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, United Nations(UN)
Term
World Trade Organization(WTO)
Definition
polices the trading system and ensures nations follow WTO treaties
Term
International Monetary Fund(IMF)
Definition
Maintains order in international monetary system
Term
World Bank
Definition
Promotes economic development
Term
United Nations(UN)
Definition
Promotes internationsl peace & security, relationships among nations, human rights, and harmonizes the actions of nations.
Term
Drivers of Globalization
Definition
Declining trade and investment barriers
Technological change
Term
Declining Trade and Investment Barriers
Definition
*After WWII, began removing barriers for free flow of goods, services, and capital
*GATT, over 100 nations decreased TARIFFS and progressed on non-tariff issues.
Term
Technological Change
Definition
Lower trade barriers made globalization of markets and production theoretically possible, technological change made it reality
Term
Microprocessors and Telecommunications
Definition
Lowered cost of communication, therefore cost of coordination and control
Term
Internet and World Wide Web
Definition
virtually zero in 1994, nearly $7 trillion in 2004
Term
Transportation Technology
Definition
Jet aircraft, super freighters and containerization
Term
Multinational enterprizes
Definition
(productive activities in two or more countries) from developing nations expected to increase
Term
Mini-multinationals
Definition
(small and medium-sized companies)increasing
Term
Globalization Debate
Definition
Is th shift toward a more integrated and interdependent global economy good?
Term
Globalization:Jobs and Incomes
Definition
-critics-jobs lost to low wage nations
-supporters-free trade results in specialization in the production and export or goods and services produced most efficiently, and import goods and services - they do not produce as efficiently
Term
Labor Policies and the Environment
Definition
Critics-firms from advanced nations move manufacturing offshore to less developed countries with lax environment and labor regulations
Supporters-tougher environmental regulation and stricter labor standards come with economic progress, FDI often helps raise standards
Term
(FDI)
Definition
Foreign direct investment
Term
National Sovereignty
Definition
Critcs-economic power shifting away from national governments and toward supranational organizations(WTO, EU,and UN
Term
Managing in the Global Marketplace
Definition
Managing international business(firm that engages in international trade or investment) is different from managing domestic business:
-countries differ
-greater and more complex problems
-limits inposed by governments and global trading system
-converting funds and foreign exchange risk
Term
Political economy
Definition
The political, economic, and legal systems of a country
Term
Political System
Definition
The system of government in a nation
Can be assessed according to:
collectivism vs. individualism
democradic vs. totalitarianism
Term
Collectivism
Definition
Primacy of collective goals over induvidual goals, the needs of the society are more important that individual freedoms
Term
Communists
Definition
Collectivism achieved through revolution and totalitarain dictatorship
Term
Social democrats
Definition
Same goals by democratic means
Term
Privitization
Definition
Selling state-owned enterprizes to private investors
Term
Individualism
Definition
Freedom over one's economic pusuits, guaranteeing individual freedom and self-expression, pursue self-interest to achieve the best for society
Term
Democracy
Definition
Government by the people, directly or through elected representatives
Term
Totalitarianism
Definition
One person or political party exercises absolute control, opposing political parties are prohibited
Term
Representative democracy
Definition
elected representatives vote on behalf of constituents
Term
Major types of Totalitarianism
Definition
Communist(socialism by dictatorship)
Theocratic(govern according to religious principles)
Tribal(a tribe monopolizes power)
Right wing(individual economic freedom allowed but individual political freedom resticted - it could lead to communism)
Term
Free market economic system
Definition
likely to occur where individual goals are given primacy over collective goals
Term
State-owned economic system
Definition
enterprizes and restricted markets - where collective goals are dominant
Term
Market economy
Definition
Pure market economy = goods and services produced, and quantity produced, determined by supply and demand
Term
Command Economy
Definition
Goods and services produced, quantity produced, and prices planned by government
Term
Mixed Economy
Definition
Includes some elements of both market and command economies
Term
Legal System
Definition
The rules, regulating behavior, processes by which they are enforced and manner of redress for grievances. They regulate business practice, define how business is executed, and set rights and obligations involved. Impact attractiveness for investment
Term
Common Law
Definition
Based on tradition, precedent, and custom
Term
Civil Law
Definition
Based on detailed set of laws organized into codes
Term
Theocratic Law
Definition
Based on religious teachings(most widely used system)
Term
Contract Law
Definition
Law governing contract enforcement
Term
Contract
Definition
Document specifying conditions for an exchange and the rights and obligations of the parties involved
Term
United Nations Convention in Contracts for the International Sale of Goods(CIGS)
Definition
Rules governing common commercial contracts between sellers and buyers in different nations. Adopting CIGS, signals other nations that the Convention's rules are part of its law.
Term
Property Rights
Definition
The legal rights over the use of a resource and over the use of any income derived from that resource. Important for business, but can be violated by either private action or public action
Term
Private Action
Definition
Theft, piracy, blackmail, and the like by private individuals or groups
Term
Public Action and Corruption
Definition
When public officials extort resources from property holders useing legal mechanisms including excessive taxation, expensive license or permits, or taking asseets into state ownership without compensation
Term
Public Action and Corruption
Definition
When public officials extort resources from property holders useing legal mechanisms including excessive taxation, expensive license or permits, or taking asseets into state ownership without compensation
Term
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Definition
Makes it a violation of US law to bribe foreign government officials to obtain or maintain business, and requires all publicly traded companies keep detailed records so that it is clear wherther a violation has occurred
Term
Intellectual Property
Definition
Property, such as computer software, screenplay, or chemical formula, that is the product of intellectual activity
Term
Patents
Definition
Gives inventors exclusive rights to manufacture, use, or sale of invention
Term
Copyrights
Definition
Legal rights of authours, composers, playwrites, artists, and publishers to use their work as they see fit
Term
Trademarks
Definition
Designs and names by which products are designated and differentiated
Term
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property
Definition
Signed by 96 countries to protect intellectual property rights
Term
Trade Related Aspects of Intellectutal Property Rights(TRIPS)
Definition
Requires WTO members to grant and enforce patents least 20 years and copyrights 50 years
Term
Gross International Income(GNI)
Definition
Common measure of economic development
Term
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
Definition
More direct comparison of living standards. Drawback of both GNI and PPP data-static picture
Term
Human Development Index
Definition
UN developed index based on life expectancy, education, and whether average incomes meet basic needs
Term
Deregulation
Definition
Removing restrictions on the free operation of markets
Term
Privitization
Definition
Transferring ownership of state property to private investors
Term
Political Costs
Definition
Paying bribes or lobbying for favorable treatment
Term
Economic Costs
Definition
Sophistication of the economic system, including infrastructure and supporting business
Term
Political risk
Definition
Liklihood that political forces will cause adverse changes
Term
Economic risk
Definition
Liklihood that economic mismanagement will cause adverse changes
Term
Legal risk
Definition
Liklihood that a trading partner will oppurtunistically break a contract or expropriate property rights
Term
Overall Attractiveness
Definition
Balancing benefits,costs, and risks associated with doing business in that country
Term
International Trade
Definition
Occurs when a firm exports goods or services to consumers in another country.
Term
Moore's Law
Definition
Predicts that the power of microprocessor technology doubles and its cost of production falls in half every 18 months. As this happens, the cost of global communications plummets, which lowers the costs of coordinationg and controlling global organization
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