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Econ final
econ final
54
Economics
Undergraduate 2
12/08/2014

Additional Economics Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Accounting profit does what?
Definition
ignores implicit costs
Term
Economic profit does what?
Definition
Considers implicit costs
Term
Explicit costs are?
Definition
Costs involving the running of a business - purchases, rent, etc
Term
Implicit costs are?
Definition
The opportunity cost of the best forgone opportunity. (Here, the owner has given up a job paying $45,000, and an annual return of $5,000 in interest ($50,000 total implicit costs))
Term
What is accounting profit? =
Definition
Total revenue - explicit costs
Term
What is profit? =
Definition
[Total revenue (PxQ) - total cost ([AVC+AFC]xQ)]
Term
What is economic profit? =
Definition
Accounting profit - implicit costs OR total revenue - explicit costs - implicit costs
Term
Variable costs increase as ___
Definition
quantity produced increases
Term
Fixed costs are costs that ___
Definition
are included even if there is no output, they do not change with output
Term
Diminishing marginal returns (to cost) can be seen in ___
Definition
variable costs because of their increasingly steeper cost curve slope
Term
In the LONG RUN all inputs are ___
Definition
variable
Term
Average fixed cost is =
Definition
Fixed cost/quantity OR ATC - AVC
Term
Average variable cost =
Definition
Total Variable cost/quantity OR ATC - AFC
Term
Marginal cost =
Definition
change in total cost divided by change in quantity
Term
Average (total) cost =
Definition
Total cost/quantity OR AVC + AFC
Term
Economies of scale is ___
Definition
also known as increasing returns to scale, 50% increase in input means >50% increase in output
Term
Diseconomies of scale is ___
Definition
also known as decreasing returns to scale, a 50% increase in input means <50% increase in output
Term
Marginal product of labor is ___
Definition
the change in output that results from employing an added unit of labor.
Term
Diminishing marginal returns (to labor) can be seen in ___
Definition
production function graphs because of the opposite slope it produces, (opposite to variable costs slope)
Term
In a graph, which is above the other? ATC or AVC?
Definition
ATC (MC cutting through both at their lowest)
Term
In the short run, perfectly (or purely) competitive firms will maximize their profit by producing ___
Definition
The quantity where price = marginal cost AND the quantity where marginal revenue(MR)= marginal cost(MC)
Term
If a market exceeds Average Cost, profit will be? (+/-)
Definition
Positive
Term
Sunk costs are ___
Definition
costs that were incurred in the past and cannot be recovered. (Since the company is entering the fourth year of this project, the total sunk cost is calculated by adding up all costs in year one through year three.)
Term
Total future costs are __
Definition
expected costs in a set number of years(time) added up (since company is entering 4th year, it its 4th-6th year costs added up)
Term
Shutdown price is when the ___ meets the ___ on a graph
Definition
AVC meets the MC, (MR is below AVC at profit-maximizing point)
Term
To earn positive economic profits, the price of the good must be above the price of where ___ meets ___ on a graph
Definition
ATC meets MC
Term
If a firm shuts down in the short run, the profit is [Revenue - cost] at __ quantity
Definition
0 (zero)
Term
If a firm continues to operate in the short run to minimize losses, it will be where [revenue - cost] will be at its ____
Definition
Lowest
Term
If a firm is trying to minimize losses in a struggling business it is better for them to operate in ____ and exit in ____
Definition
the shortrun /// exit in the longrun
Term
The long run supply curve on a graph is always more ____ than the short run supply curve on a graph
Definition
flatter // more elastic // can be flat meaning it is a constant cost industry
Term
Total cost =
Definition
(AVC+AFC)xQ OR TVC + TFC
Term
There is NO profit being made when price is at where ___ meets ___ on a graph
Definition
MC meets ATC
Term
For firms in perfectly (purely) competitive markets, long run economic profits are ___
Definition
Zero (doesn't mean they aren't earning money), firms will exit if less than this and enter if higher than this
Term
In the long run, profits are zero so this happens when price is equal to the minimum ___ (on a graph as well)
Definition
ATC
Term
Total revenue =
Definition
price x quantity
Term
Marginal revenue is ___
Definition
is equal to the CHANGE in total revenue when the quantity sold increases by one
Term
***price is always higher than ___
Definition
Marginal cost***
Term
Firms will exit if ___ is less than ___
Definition
Price // ATC
Term
Firms will enter if ___ is greater than ___
Definition
Price // ATC
Term
Monopolists (looks for "only" in questions) will produce at __ meets __ but charge the ____ price possible
Definition
MC meets MR // highest price
Term
Example of barriers to entry ____ (3)
Definition
Patents, Exclusive ownership of resource, Economies of scale (Being able to produce at a lower average cost than others)
Term
In a perfectly (or purely) competitive firm, what price should they charge? =
Definition
Total revenue / quanity (table) MR=MC and above ATC (graph)
Term
Characteristics of Monopolies ___ (3)
Definition
Price is higher than other market structures, Firms can earn positive economic profit in the longrun, and there are significant barriers to entry
Term
Characteristic of perfect (pure) competitive market ___ (2)
Definition
efficient quantity is produced, and firms have no market power
Term
Price discrimination occurs when ___
Definition
firms charge different consumers different prices for the same good. This is legal and happens frequently under the right circumstances
Term
Perfect price discrimination occurs when ___
Definition
firms not only charge different consumers different prices, but also charge each person the maximum that they would be willing to pay for a good. This is rare because firms typically don't have perfect information about how much each person is willing to pay
Term
From most profit to lowest, a monopolist will do these steps ____ (4)
Definition
The firm has ability to perfectly price discriminate -> the firm can charge different prices to different consumers -> The firm charges consumers all the same price -> the firm must charge a price that is equivalent to its marginal cost
Term
Antitrust laws in monopolies are MAINLY used to ___
Definition
Antitrust laws are used to promote competition (not reduce competition) by determining whether or not a particular merger would be significantly detrimental to competition
Term
Marginal Cost (MC) pricing in monopolies are when ___
Definition
regulating agencies force the firm to price at it's Marginal cost (where MC meets D), BUT will not always result in a profit loss for the firm
Term
Antitrust laws in monopolies CAN ALSO (beneficial) be used to ___
Definition
create monopolistic synergy, merging firms to reduce Average cost of production
Term
A price taker is a ____ while a price maker is a ___
Definition
competitive firm // monopoly
Term
Coupons are an example of ___
Definition
price discrimination because it offers a certain group of people (those willing to collect coupons are usually lower income) a lower price on certain goods in order make sales and therefor maximize profit for the firm.
Term
total variable cost =
Definition
AVC x Q
Term
total fixed cost =
Definition
TC - TVC
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