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Ecology HSU
Test 3 Dr.T
90
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/16/2013

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Term
Competition or Mutualism
Definition
interaction of 2 or more species that share a resource could result in....
Term
competition results when there is a
Definition
demand in excess of supply
Term
if competition is strong enough to eliminate one species, result is
Definition
competitive exclusion
Term
replacement of species when a new competitor is added to a habitat
Definition
competitive replacement
Term
many introductions fail because
Definition
the introduced species is not really adapted well to the new environment
Term
generalists can adapt more easily than
Definition
specialists
Term
competitive displacement
Definition
generally a means of avoiding competition and may be viewed as a result of it
Term
displacement
Definition
where one species excludes another
Term
displacement may be
Definition
aggressive or passive
Term
coexistence
Definition
effects of crowding are more sever intraspecifically than interspecifically
Term
evolutionary outcome of competition is
Definition
either extinction of one species or the removal of completion by niche segregation
Term
lotka-volterra
Definition
mathematical approach to interspecific competition
Term
amensalism
Definition
one species harmed, one unaffected, by a product of activities of one species
Term
allelopathy
Definition
primarily a plant interaction
Term
allelopathy plant
Definition
produces some chemical that inhibits others
Term
mutualism
Definition
both species benefit
Term
symbiosis
Definition
close, often obligate relationships
Term
endosymbiotic theory
Definition
chloroplasts and mitochondria were prokaryotes that entered a symbiotic relationship with eukaryotic cells
Term
what are similar in size and structure to prokaryotes
Definition
chloroplasts and mitochondria
Term
chloroplasts and mitochondria are both bounded by
Definition
a double membrane
Term
chloroplasts and mitochondria have a single
Definition
circular chromosome like prokaryotes
Term
chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own
Definition
ribosomes and produce some of their own proteins
Term
nonsymbiotic
Definition
not obligate but both benefit
Term
mycorrhizae
Definition
a fungus associated with vascular plant roots
Term
fungus gets products of
Definition
photosynthesis and vascular plant
Term
pollination
Definition
highly developed systems if animals are used vector pollen
Term
some systems are not mutualistic
Definition
based on theft
Term
some systems benefit both
Definition
animal pollinates, plant provides nectar
Term
foresters usually innoculate
Definition
seedlings prior to planting
Term
community
Definition
populations of several species that coexist in areas characterized by certain abiotic and biotic factors
Term
community traits include
Definition
species composition, species diversity, stratification, and food chains
Term
community + habitat=
Definition
ecosystem
Term
community structure depends on
Definition
species composition, physiognomic, temporal change, trophic relationships
Term
species composition
Definition
relative of various species present
Term
physiognomic
Definition
characters
Term
temporal change
Definition
daily or seasonal cycles
Term
trophic relationships
Definition
energy transfer through trophic levels
Term
in a forest, the primary autotrophic zone is the
Definition
canopy and the heterotrophic zone is near the forest floor
Term
in a lake or ocean, production is
Definition
in the photic zone
Term
forests can be subdivided based on
Definition
height: trees, understory, ground cover, litter, subterranean
Term
Dominance
Definition
A character of organisms that most determines the character of the community
Term
chemical ecology
Definition
the basis of lifes operations are chemical
Term
chemical ecology refers to
Definition
production, uptake, and interpretation of chemical signals
Term
chemical messengers between members of a species
Definition
pheromones
Term
chemical messengers
Definition
external hormones
Term
pheromones may attract mates and
Definition
set territory boundaries
Term
messages between species
Definition
allelochemicals
Term
repellants, escape substances, attractants,and suppressants are all
Definition
allelochemicals
Term
name a repellant
Definition
skunk odors
Term
escape substances are
Definition
substance to reduce surface tension and push them quickly from danger
Term
what inhibits growth of other plants
Definition
suppressants
Term
antibiotics and autotoxins are both types of
Definition
supressants
Term
inhibits species producing it (yeasts produce alcohol)
Definition
autotoxin
Term
define attractants
Definition
lures insects to carnivorous plants or to flowers
Term
spatial structure?
Definition
besides horizontal structure, within a habitat there is vertical structure
Term
soil profiles can?
Definition
further subdivide into strata
Term
due to differing habitats provided by the strata, organisms can
Definition
separate niches and avoid competition
Term
subdivision of a plant community
Definition
synusia
Term
synusia
Definition
all plants of the same life form
Term
define guild
Definition
analogous to synusia for animals
Term
a group of species that use similar resources in similar ways
Definition
competitors/guild
Term
daily cycles of activity is called
Definition
circadian rhythm
Term
temporal structure is
Definition
daily cycles of activity based on a biological clock
Term
diurnal
Definition
active during the day
Term
nocturnal
Definition
active at night
Term
active at twilight
Definition
crepuscular
Term
less active in bright moonlight
Definition
lunarphobic
Term
changes in the environment lead to changes in the community
Definition
seasonal change
Term
equatorial habitats show?
Definition
little change in season or community
Term
latitudes farther from the equator are
Definition
more seasonal
Term
deciduous forest
Definition
changes based on tilt of the earth thus photoperiod
Term
in tropical or subtropical systems
Definition
wet and dry seasons are more important than temperature changes
Term
aquatic communities
Definition
seasonal differences in sunlight cause algae to die back when respiration photosynthesis
Term
thermal stratification and overturn in lakes alters
Definition
chemical properties of the system
Term
scientific study of seasonal change
Definition
phenology
Term
use of phenology is evident in almanacs but
Definition
only moderately used scientifically
Term
role played by a species of organism in an ecosystem
Definition
ecological niche
Term
niche of the same species
Definition
may vary in different places
Term
environments help define niches:
Definition
similar niches are filled in similar ways by different organisms
Term
similar niches are filled in similar ways by different organisms
Definition
ecological equivalents
Term
the niche as an n-dimensional hypervolume
Definition
fundamental niche
Term
realized niche
Definition
portion of the fundamental niche realized and seen in nature
Term
involved in mutualistic, predator-prey, or other interactions (changes in both species)
Definition
coevolution
Term
ecological diversity
Definition
refers to the number of species present (species richness)
Term
diversity at a given site depends on
Definition
local history, time, extreme nature of habitat, and resource diversity
Term
effects of different local events
Definition
local history
Term
time
Definition
a new habitat could develop that hasn't had enough time for saturation
Term
few organisms live in extremes so high densities but low diversities
Definition
extreme nature of habitat
Term
resource diversity
Definition
the more varied the habitats, greater diversity can exist
Term
transition between two ecosystems
Definition
ecotone
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