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Ecology + Evolution
Final Exam study cards for EEB 315 at UofM
71
Biology
Undergraduate 4
04/20/2013

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Cards

Term
define Community Epidemiology
Definition
multihost, multi parasite interactions in a community context
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define Apparent Competition
Definition
Term
define Dilution effect
Definition
Term
define Realized niche
Definition
Term
What characteristics might make a parasite more likely to infect multiple host species? (Review empirical evidence?)
Definition
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Contrast conventional views with more current data on the commonness of multi-host parasites
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What is the difference between a reservoir and a spillover host?
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Give two examples of a reservoir in the context of specific host-parasite interactions
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Give two examples of a spillover host in the context of specific host-parasite interactions
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Sketch a flow diagram for two hosts affected by the same parasite
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Explain why biodiversity may affect disease prevalence and spillover risk
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Summarize the evidence for Lyme disease, West Nile, amphibian parasites, and fungal pathogens of plants as examples of the dilution effect
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How and why does human risk of encountering Lyme disease depend on forest fragmentation?
Definition
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Provide evidence for positive and negative effects among coinfections
Definition
Term
What kinds of factors can interactions between parasites determine?
Definition
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Contrast top-down versus bottom-up mechanisms of parasite interaction following co-infection, and provide a specific example of each
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What is a fundamental niche?
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How does a fundamental niche differ from a realized niche?
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Explain how "fundamental" and "realized" niche allow us to understand distribution of macroparasites inside host
Definition
Term
Distinguish innate vs adaptive immunity
Definition
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Explain, with examples, how TH1-TH2 responses may shed light on mutual impacts of macro- and micro- parasites
Definition
Term
Define Syphilis
Definition
Term
Define superspreader
Definition
Term
Define contact network
Definition
Term
Explain how variance in partner exchange rates affects R0 for an STD
Definition
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How does the impact of variance on R0 affect potential STD control strategies?
Definition
Term
Describe two characteristics that might make a host a superspreader
Definition
Term
Give two examples of superspreading events
Definition
Term
What is the 80:20 rule in the context of microparasites? (READ CAREFULLY! DON'T ASSUME 80:20 means MACRO!)
Definition
Term
How does heterogeneity in transmission affect the invasion of a pathogen into a population, the subsequent outbreak size, and its eventual extinction?
Definition
Term
How might we take advantage of information regarding the variance in transmission to devise control strategies?
Definition
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Define John Snow
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Define dispersal kernel
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define metapopulations
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define spatial synchrony
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define pulsed vaccination
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define epidemiological isolation
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explain what is meant by a "travelling wave of infection" and illustrate with a real-world example
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List two strategies for confining an infection spatially
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Describe how determinants of pathogen persistence differ between local vs regional scales
Definition
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Write the equation for the simple patch occupancy metapopulation model and explain in words what processes are captured by this model
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In a metapopulation context, why is synchrony relevant to persistence?
Definition
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Explain how the synchrony of epidemics for measles changed between pre- versus post- vaccination era in the UK
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Term
What is the key difference between a distance-based versus a gravity-based network?
Definition
Term
According to Viboud et al (2006), what best explains couplig of influenza outbreaks in humans among different locations in the US?
Definition
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Define epidemiological transition
Definition
Term
Define emerging infectious disease
Definition
Term
Define zoonosis
Definition
Term
Define SARS
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Define canine distermper
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Define chytrid fungus
Definition
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define antigenic map
Definition
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define influenza subtype
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What is the current scientific thinking on the origins of HIV in human populations?
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List several characteristics shared by many emerging infectious diseases
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Describe two major processes that contribute to human EIDs
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In what ways does knowledge of disease ecology contribute to human health?
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List three key outcomes of zoonotic EID events and provide on example of each
Definition
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Briefly describe three exampls of wildlife declines or endangerment caused specifically by infectious disease
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Distinguish between antigenic shift and drift
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What is reassortment in viruses?
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Why does reassortment matter in the context of influenza pandemics?
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What types of mammals are most strongly affected by disease-induced declines?
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Compare the arguments for why threatened species might have more versus fewer parasites than non-threatened species
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Suggest two arguments for conserving parasites
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List two ways that humans have influenced the occurrence and severity of marine organism diseases
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Term
What are some mechanisms by which rising temperatures can affect transmission dynamics?
Definition
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Give two examples in which changes in temperature are implicated in increasing disease transmission and declining host populations
Definition
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By how much are global average temperatures expected to increase by 2050, and what parts of the planet will be affected most strongly
Definition
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Why might vector borne diseases respond positively to climate warming?
Definition
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Explain Lafferty's main arguments for why we might not expect a net increase in infectious disease following climate warming
Definition
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