Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Ecology & Evolution Exam #3
important terms
60
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/13/2011

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
adaptations
Definition
heritable traits that allow individuals to survive and reproduce in a certain environment better than individuals that lack those traits
Term
trade-offs
Definition
compromises between traits
Term
acclimatization
Definition
(acclimation)
phenotypic change in an individual in response to short-term changes in environment
Term
cell gets larger
Definition
volume increases much faster than surface area
Term
metabolic rate
Definition
overall rate of energy consumption by an individual
Term
basal metabolic rate
Definition
rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest
Term
lamellae
Definition
thin sheets of epithelial cells that provide gills with an extremely high surface area relative to their volume
Term
adaptations that increase surface area
Definition
flattening
folding
branching
Term
homeostasis
Definition
stability in chemical and physical conditions within an animal's cells, tissues, and organs
Term
approaches to homeostasis
Definition
conformation, regulation
Term
set point
Definition
normal or target value for controlled variable
Term
sensor
Definition
structure that senses some aspect of external or internal environment
Term
integrator
Definition
evaluates incoming sensory information and decides whether a response is necessary to achieve homeostasis
Term
effector
Definition
any structure that helps restore desired internal condition
Term
conduction
Definition
direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other
Term
convection
Definition
conduction in which heat is transferred between two different states
Term
radiation
Definition
transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact
Term
evaporation
Definition
phase change from liquid to gas- only leads to heat loss
Term
endotherm
Definition
produces adequate heat to warm its own tissues
Term
ectotherm
Definition
relies principally on heat gained from environment
Term
homeotherms
Definition
keep their body temperature constant
Term
heterotherms
Definition
allow their body temperature to rise or fall depending on environmental conditions
Term
ecology
Definition
study of how organisms interact with their environment
Term
population
Definition
group of individuals of same species that live in same area at same time
Term
community
Definition
species that interact with each other within a particular area
Term
ecosystem
Definition
all organisms in a particular region along with abiotic components
Term
thermocline
Definition
gradient in temperature
Term
productivity
Definition
total amount of carbon fixed by photosynthesis per year
Term
littoral zone
Definition
consists of shallow waters along shore, where flowering plants are rooted
Term
limnetic zone
Definition
offshore and comprises water that receives enough light to support photosynthesis
Term
benthic zone
Definition
made up of substrate
Term
wetlands
Definition
shallow-water habitats where soil is saturated with water for at least part of year
Term
bogs
Definition
develop in depressions where water flow is low or nonexistent
Term
marshes
Definition
lack trees and typically feature grasses, reeds, or other non woody plants
Term
swamps
Definition
dominated by trees and shrubs
Term
estuaries
Definition
form where rivers meet ocean, fresh water mixes with salt water
Term
intertidal zone
Definition
consists of a rocky, sandy, or muddy beach that is exposed to air at low tide but submerged at high tide
Term
neritic zone
Definition
extends from intertidal zone to depths of about 200m, outermost edge is defined by end of continental shelf
Term
oceanic zone
Definition
deepwater region beyond continental shelf
Term
biomes
Definition
major groupings of plant and animal communities defined by a dominant vegetation type
Term
climate
Definition
prevailing, long-term weather conditions found in area
Term
weather
Definition
consists of specific short-term atmospheric conditions of temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind
Term
rain shadow
Definition
dry area on inland side of mountains that receive dry air
Term
biogeography
Definition
study of how organisms are distributed geographically
Term
dispersal
Definition
movement of an individual from its place of origin to location where it lives and breeds as an adult
Term
Wallace line
Definition
separates species with Asian and Australian affinities
Term
exotic species
Definition
not native
Term
invasive species
Definition
exotic species that spreads rapidly and eliminates native species
Term
proximate causation
Definition
explains how actions occur in terms of neurological, hormonal, and skeletal-muscular mechanisms involved
Term
ultimate causation
Definition
explains why actions occur based on their evolutionary consequences and history
Term
innate behavior
Definition
inherited and shows little variation based on learning or individual's condition
ex: FAPs
Term
cost-benefit analysis
Definition
animals appear to weigh costs and benefits of responding to a particular situation in various ways
Term
optimal foraging
Definition
animals maximize their feeding efficiency
Term
communication
Definition
any process in which a signal from one individual modifies behavior of a recipient individual
Term
signal
Definition
any information-containing behavior or characteristic
Term
altruism
Definition
behavior that has a fitness cost to individual exhibiting behavior and a fitness benefit to recipient of behavior
Term
inclusive fitness
Definition
direct fitness is derived from an individual's own offspring
indirect fitness is derived from helping relatives produce more offspring than they could produce on their own
Term
kin selection
Definition
natural selection that acts through benefits to relatives
Term
reciprocal altruism
Definition
an exchange of fitness benefits that are separated in time
Term
Hamilton's rule
Definition
Br > C
Supporting users have an ad free experience!