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Ecology and Wildlife Managemen
Quiz 2
76
Biology
Undergraduate 2
11/02/2007

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Cards

Term
Census
Definition
A complete count of individuals in a population. Large species living in the open may be counted from aircraft. In areas where vegetation or topography conceals animals it is rare to get a complete count.
Term
Estimate
Definition

May be made on the basis of a statistical sample. This can be done by counting inanimate objects or by counting animals.

Term
Indices
Definition

A qualitative measure of a population. Instead of comparing numbers or densities of a population, compares relative abundance between areas or changes in abundance from one time to another in the same area.

Term
Model: Conceptual Value
Definition
Forces the researcher to think about population dynamics in new ways.
Term
Model: Developmental Value
Definition
The researcher must become aware of the usefulness of various types of information necessary to construct an accurate model.
Term
Model: Output value
Definition
The model may be useful in predicting future courses of the modeled population or effects of manipulation of the population by altering the environment or rates of harvesting.
Term
Stable Population Response
Definition
Appear to respond to the carrying capacity of the habitat before food becomes limiting. Indications are there are behavioral controls on the populations
Term
Irruptive Population Response
Definition
Seem to be largely unpredictable. A condition found in diverse wildlife populations from the equator to the boreal forest. Population changes are usually attributed to favorable and unfavorable weather or climatic conditions and resultant vegetational changes.
Term
3-4 Year Cycle Population Response
Definition
These are found in simple ecosystems, fewer species to give the system stability. They occur on all continents that have tundra. Small Rodents
Term
9-10 Year Cycle Response
Definition
Usually found in the Boreal Forest.
Term
Interaction Principle
Definition
Genotype -> Phenotype <- Environment
Term
Genotype
Definition
Genes
Term
Phenotype
Definition
Observal structural and functional characteristics
Term
Inclusive Fitness
Definition
Refers tot he sum of an animal's fitness as measured by reproductive success and that of relatives with those relatives devalues in proportion to their genetic distance
Term

Cognitive Map

Definition
Species has an innate map or matrix of suitable habitat. Choice is made according to the degree of fit.
Term
Direct Assessment of Food Supply
Definition
Species appear to assess the population level of the food supply and adjust habitat selection and breeding effort accordingly.
Term
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Definition
Lack of negative cues and presence of positive cues work in combination to cause avoidance or selection.
Term
Monogamy
Definition
One male with one femail. The pair-bond may last for one season or many years.
Term
Polygny
Definition
Two or more females per male. The dominant system in mammals.
Term
Polyandry
Definition
Two or more males per female.
Term
Serial Polyandry
Definition
Nest build, lay eggs for male to tend then move on to another mate
Term
Simultaneous Polyandry
Definition
2 males at the same time, carry fetuses from more than one male
Term
Promiscuity
Definition
Indiscriminate mating. No pair-bond, or the pairing lasts only as long as copulation. Lek breeding wildlife follow this system.
Term
Lek
Definition
breeding ground
Term
Ultimate Factors
Definition
Include such things as food, water, cover disease and predation.
Term

Proximate Factors

Definition
Refer to physiological and behavioral population limiting factors that often come into operation before starvation and other ultimate factors limit the populations.
Term
Crop
Definition
Collection chamber of ingested food. No digestion occurs here.
Term

Glandular Stomach or Proventriculus

Definition
True stomach that secretes enzymes to initiate digestion.
Term
Gizzard or Ventriculus
Definition
Muscular stomach capable of strong contractions. Storage of ingested grit that aids in the physical breakdown of food.
Term
Ceca (two)
Definition
Function depends on the dietary habit of the bird
Term
Stomach (single organ)
Definition
Area of digestion of ingested food
Term
Small intestine
Definition
absorption of water and digested protein
Term
Cecum (enlarged in herbivores)
Definition
Microbial digestion and bacterial decomposition of fibrous food. Cecal droppings are darker and often reingested.
Term
Large intestine
Definition
Aids in further digestion and absorption
Term
Rumen and Reticulum
Definition
Often discussed together since each compartment is separated by a low partition and contents mix freely. Eighty percent fo the capacity of the stomach is related to the reticulorumen. The rumen is the main fermentation vate where billions of microorganisms break down the relative indigestible food components.
Term
Omasum
Definition
Acts as the filter pump to sort liquid and fine food particles. Water, minerals and nitrogen are absorbed here.
Term
Abomasum
Definition
This is the true stomach and the onyl location in the digestive system that produces gastric juices.
Term
Cecaphagy
Definition

An animal eats its own cecum

Term
Copraphagy
Definition
An animal eats its own feces
Term
Guzzler
Definition
rain trap
Term
Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA)
Definition
Products of microbial breakdown of sugars and nonsugar carbohydrates in the stomach and cecum of herbivores.
Term
Feeding Efficiency (FE)
Definition

Net energy (Kcal) spent securing food
Net energy (Kcal) obtained in food gathered
Term
Preference Index (PI)
Definition


Relative % dry-weight of forage in diet
Relative % dry-weight of forage in habitat

Term
Palatability
Definition
A characteristic of the food
"key sign stimulus"
Term
Euphagia or Nutritional Wisdom
Definition

Refers to an instinctive tendency to select food for their specific nutrient content

Term
Hedyphagia
Definition
Select foods to minimize unpleasant and maximize pleasant taste, olfactory and/or other attractions
Term
Learned aversions
Definition

Familiar-aversive: associate with illness, negative effect
Novel: no association, new food
Familiar-safe: associated with well being
Familiar-positive: associated with getting well and feeling better

Term
Foregut Digestion (FG)
Definition
Aka ruminant digestions
Rate limited (rumen fills and they have to stop and chew cud)
Term
Hindgut (HG) digestion
Definition
spend more time foraging (not as limited)
Term
Secondary Compounds
Definition
Not affecting the animal, but things inside of the animal
Term
Hydroseral wildlife
Definition

Wildlife adapted to wetlands

Term
Mesoseral Wildlife
Definition

Wildlife adapted to moderate moisture

Term
Xeroseral wildlife
Definition
Wildlife adapted to deserts
Term
Low-successional Wildlife
Definition
Includes species dependent on annual grasses and forbs as well as annual agricultural crops
Term
Mid-succession Wildlife
Definition
includes species associated with succession induced by disturbances such as fire, logging, lviestock grazing as well as other factors
Term
Climax wildlife
Definition
includes many threatened and endanged species, like to live in climax environments
Term
Habitat Unit Size
Definition
A minimum unit area (acres or hectares) is required by each wildlife species. Must include daily and seasonal ranges of the individual population.
Term
Edge
Definition
The boundary where one kind of biotic community (or land use) ends and another kind starts. Each edge forms an ecotone. Edge increase as interspersion increases.
Term
Ecotone
Definition
Where the adjacent communities blend. Som change rapidly, but most ecotones blend gradually forming species-rich zones.
Term
Covert
Definition
Refers to a protective cover area where two or more vegetative types come together. A corner.
Term
Disease
Definition
Lack of health. A disturbance to the normal function or structure of an animal.
Term
Etiology
Definition
The science of dealign with causes of disease
Term
Causative Agents
Definition
usually infectious, parasitic, toxic, physiological, nutritional, congenital, and degenerative factors
Term
Pathogens
Definition
etiological agents that include bacteria, viruses, rickettsias, parasites, fungi and others
Term
Enzootic
Definition
The low but chronic level of a disease occurence in a single population
Term
Epizootic
Definition
The acute outbreak or expression of disease
Term
Zoonosis
Definition
Refers to diseases that may be shared by man and animals, huge number
Term

H

Definition
Host
Term
P
Definition
Pathogen
Term
E
Definition
Environment
Term
I
Definition
Interaction
Term
V
Definition

Vector

Term
D
Definition
Dispersal
Term
Epizootiology Effect
Definition
H+P+E+I+V+D
Term
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Definition

(Adrenal Pituitary Stress Syndrome, Selye Stress Syndrome) is the set of nonspecific physiological adjustments made by the body in order to maintain homeostasis when confronted by stressors. The three phases are alarm, resistence and exhaustion.

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