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Ecology 2
test 2
51
Biology
Undergraduate 4
10/25/2012

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Term
Freshwater Lakes: common origins
Definition
1. glacial activity
2. Limestone Dissolution
3. Tectonic Activity
Term
Limits to Aquatic Productivity
Definition
1.light
2. nutrients
3. P = limiting nutrient in freshwater lakes

know phosphorus cycle
Term
temperate lake turnover
Definition
interaction of temperature and nutrients
Term
Epilimnion
Definition
warm water (surface)
Term
Thermocline
Definition
quick temperature change over short distance
Term
hypolimnion
Definition
cold bottom layer
Term
Spring overturn
Definition
brings nutrients from the bottom sediments to the surface and oxygen from the surface to the depths
mechanism: the sun warms the lake surface gradually until surface temp is greater than 4 celcius causing the warmer water to sink into the layers blow, this vertical mixing distributes heat through out the water column
Term
Fall overturn
Definition
same as spring but cool water instead of warm nutrients from sediment to surface, oxygen from surface to depths
Term
eutrophy
Definition
high [nutrient]
Term
oligrophy
Definition
very few nutrients
Term
Characteristics of Eutrophication
Definition
1.high nutrients
2.increased productivity therefore increase in photosynthesizers
3.increased algal densities
4. increase in turbidity=decrease in clarity=decrease in light availability
5. decrease in [o2] b/c of decomposition of organic particles
6. increase in organic particles in sediments
7. change in community structure
Term
Estuaries
Definition
semi-enclosed body of water with a connection to the ocean and the [salt] diluted by fresh water
Term
Estuary Characteristics
Definition
1. high productivity
2.importance of nitrogen and the nitrogen cycle->limits productivity, nitrogen is not in a form available for use by organisms
3. nursery grounds: food/protection
4. Eutrophication in Tampa Bay

know nitrogen cycle
Term
nursery grounds
Definition
food and predator protection
estuaries often provide abundant food and predator protection for juvenile fish and invertebrates
spawning often occurs offshore
Term
Tampa Bay eutrophication example
Definition
much of the seagrass disappeared by 1982, mostly deeper seagrass
turbidity increased b/c of the eutrophication
lack of light killed the deeper seagrass
no retention ponds so fertilizer ran off into the ocean
Term
Keystone Species
Definition
species in the community that greatly determines the biome
Term
Mangroves characteristics
Definition
dicots
convergent evolution that adapts them to their high salt environment
Term
Mangrove adaptations to deal with salt
Definition
exclusion
tolerance
excretion
storage/succulence
Term
Mangrove root adaptations/ vivipary
Definition
roots are in anionic sediments, snorkel roots to oxygenate the deep foots in anoxic sediments
mangroves do not have a seed stage, they disperse little trees
Term
mangrove vertical zonation
Definition
Tolerance of physical conditions
Tidal sorting
Propagule (“seed”) predation
Interspecific competition
Term
Mangroves are usually found in estuary like areas and provide a habitat for juveniles to grow up to include juvenile spiny lobsters/lemon sharks/goliath grouper/fish
Definition
different sizes of grunts use different areas to grow up in, aka mangroves are connected to different systems by other organisms
Term
kind of fish and relative abundance is greater in mangroves around reefs
Definition
mangroves=important in determining the fish communities in particular areas
Term
Coral Reef: factors affecting distribution
Definition
1. temperature: warm[tropical]
2. depth: light [zooxanthellae] shallow waters
3. substrate: hard
4. Nutrients: oligotrophic-> low nutrients which is why the water is clear
Term
Coral: Zooxanthellae
Definition
zooxanthellae facilitate calcification, provides energy source
corals provide living space and nutrients
Term
Paradox of reef productivity
Definition
coral reefs are highly productive but the area around them is oligotrophic, this is a paradox because highly productive areas should be eutrophic
however, reason they are oligrotrophic is because nutrients get recycled to zooxanthellae instead of being released into the water column, organisms transport nutrients
Term
Reef types and Darwin's model
Definition
fringe reef--> Barrier Reef--->Atoll
Term
Atoll reef formation
Definition
Atoll: circular reef in the lagon in the center and deep water around it
Formation: Volcanic Island--> Fringe reef: Fringes the island--> island sinks--> Creates Barrier Reef--->island continues sinking---> Atoll
Term
threats to coral reefs
Definition
Overfishing (& cascading effects)
Eutrophication
Disease
Temperature rise (& bleaching)
Ocean acidification
Term
Know Carbon cycle, phosphorus cycle, and nitrogen cycle
Definition
Term
Population genetics
Definition
the study of the genetic structure, variability, and changes in a population
Term
Genetic Structure
Definition
gene pool
genotype frequencies
gene frequency
h-w
fixed vs polymorphic genes
Term
Hardy-Weinberg
Definition
if it is a hardy-wienberg population the genotype frequencies go as p2, 2pq, q2 (based on given p and q)
p2, 2pq, q2, r2, 2pr, 2qr
and overtime the gene frequencies will stay the same given a particular p and q and if you meet the criteria for a h-w population
Term
H-W characteristics [and why they are important]
Definition
1. Large population (why? otherwise, gene frequencies and therefore genotype frequencies change)
2. Random mating (why? otherwise, genotype frequencies change; often expressed as an over-abundance of homozygotes; see next slide for example)
3. No migration (why? migrants may not have some genotype frequencies as population)
4. No mutation (why? otherwise, gene frequencies and therefore genotype frequencies change)
5. No natural selection (why? Otherwise, genotype frequencies change)
Term
H-W populations most affected by non-random mating
Definition
Term
to determine if a population is in h-w proportions
Definition
1. Calculate gene frequencies
2. Calculate expected genotype frequencies
3. Compare observed to expected frequencies
Term
More on H-W
Definition
1. If observed genotype frequencies do not match H-W expectations (and often they do not), it is because at least one of the H-W assumptions is not true (typically, non-random mating, migration, or natural selection)

2. If genotype (or gene) frequencies change over time, it is because at least one of the H-W assumptions are not true (could be any of the five assumptions)

3. The nature of the deviation from H-W enables you to investigate the nature of population structure

4. The usefulness of Hardy-Weinberg in real population genetics studies
Term
allozyme electrophoresis
Definition
determining genotypes of individuals organisms for enzymes
allozyme: different forms of same enzyme from same locus
Term
Mechanisms for producing/maintaing genetic variability
Definition
1. Mutation
2. Gene flow: deja vu
3. Neutrality: selectively neutral variation persists until removed by genetic drift; theory followed development of allozyme electrophoresis
4. Dominant/recessive alleles: recessive alleles can’t be completely removed by natural selection
5. Natural selection
Heterosis: heterozygotes have highest fitness
Frequency-dependent selection: less common genotype has higher fitness
Environmental variability: variable (time, space) environments select for evolving populations and local adaptation
Term
Examples of mechanisms maintaining genetic variability
Definition
Sickle cell anemia & heterosis
Cystic Fibrosis and heterosis
righty and left-jawed fish and frequency-dependent selection
Sex ratio and frequency dependent selection
Term
mechanisms reducing genetic variability
Definition
1. Natural selection
2. Genetic drift
3. Inbreeding: mating with close relatives; reduces number of heterozygotes
4. Population bottlenecks: population goes through reduction in size
5. Founder effect: accounts for two genetic characteristics of “founded” populations, even after the population has reached a large size:
Reduced genetic variability
Different average genetic traits than the source population
Term
examples of mechanisms reducing genetic variability
Definition
northern elephant seals: Late 1800s: about 20 Today:>170,000
East African cheetahs: virtually no genetic variation, thought to be result of a bottleneck
Galapagos Tortoises on Isabella Island: largest population has the least amount of genetic variability due to founder effect
Term
Measuring Genetic variability
Definition
1. Allozyme electrophoresis
2. Micro satellite DNA analysis
3. Mitochondrial DNA
Term
Allozyme electrophoresis
Definition
Mean heterozygosity (most common): averaged over multiple loci % polymorphic loci
Term
Micro Satellite DNA analysis
Definition
Observed heterozygosity
Number of alleles per locus (often very high—dozens)
help determine genetic diversity in different organisms ex. lemon shark
Term
Mitochondrial DNA
Definition
Haplotype diversity: chance that two individuals selected at random have different haplotypes
Nucleotide diversity: chance that homologous nucleotides from two individuals selected at random are different (this is an average )
Select region for amplification and sequencing (e.g., the control region)
Compare (align) sequences of different individuals
Each unique sequence = a haplotype
Term
Inbreeding
Definition
Inbreeding = mating with close relatives
Inbreeding increases the number of individuals homozygous for recessive harmful alleles
Inbreeding depression = Effects (morphological, physiological, and/or behavioral ) of expressing recessive alleles due to inbreeding
Term
Many organisms have life history patterns that prevent
inbreeding, such as dispersal (both plants and animals)
or self-incompatibility (plants)
In spatially variable environments, outbreeding
depression can also occur
Definition
therefore if two species adapted to different environments but are not necessarily reproductively isolated they may not be properly adapted to the environment they are born into
Term
Effective population size
Definition
Ne = the size of a genetically idealized population with which an actual population can be equated genetically; or,
= the size of an ideal population that undergoes genetic drift at the same rate as the actual population does
Influenced by factors such as: Age structure, Sex ratio, Breeding system
Term
Life Tables
Definition
Life tables summarize age-specific mortality in
a population (i.e., survivorship to and at particular ages)

Life tables begin at age X = 0 and end at the age by which all organisms in the population have died

Data from a single column (i.e., nx, lx , dx, etc.) can be used to generate data in all other columns

Life tables can be generated by following a cohort (cohort life table) or by acquiring age at death information (static life table)
Term
x= age interval
nx=number of individuals beginning age interval
lx=nx/n0, proportion of n0 surviving to age interval x
dx=nx-nx-1, number of individuals dying during age interval x
mx=dx/nx, proportion of nx dying during age interval
ex=future expectation of life beginning @ age interval x
Definition
Term
cohort example= grey squirrels

static life tables= Dall's mountain sheep
Definition
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