Details Title: Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology Description: Archaeology of the Levant - Exam 1, Professor Koehl - Hunter College Total Flash Cards: 34 Created: 09/19/2009 18:53:11		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Archaeology Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term Definition Figurine, Munhata Clay, Neolithic   -Coffee-bean eyes -Continues paleo tradition of steatopygus   Term Definition Head of a Clay Figure, Jericho Clay and bitumen, Pre-Pottery Neolithic B   -represents possible early religiously motivated art -use of bitumen is evidence for long-distance overland trade     Term Definition Clay Figurine, Munhata Clay, Neolithic -Again, coffee-bean eyes -Represent deities -Found in houses Term Definition Mask, Nahal Hemar Cave Stone, Pre-Pottery Neolithic -evidence of early shamanistic tradition   Term Definition Modeled Skull, Jericho Bone and plaster, Pre-Pottery Neolithic -evidence of early ancestor worship   Term Definition Vessels, Bir Safadi Basalt, Chalcolithic   -Conical cups made of basalt similar to Ghassul -Basalt is evidence for long-distance overland trade -Stone bowls seem to be specialty of Bir Safadi       Term Definition Woman Holding a Churn, Gilat Clay, Chalcolithic -Not utilitarian, but used in ritual activities – early evidence of religion and cultic practices in the Levant   Term Definition Ram Bearing Cornets, Gilat Clay, Chalcolithic   -Not utilitarian, but used in ritual activities – early evidence of religion and cultic practices in the Levant Term Definition Crown, Nahal Mishmar Copper, Chalcolithic -Totem-like objects have ibex horns emerging from the top, thus repetition of iconography that is an integral part of the Ghassulian culture -Also, flat-topped projections common to repertoire  - perhaps inspired by architecture, because opening like a doorway -This type of artifact only found at Nahal Mishmar   Term Definition Scepters, Nahal Mishmar Copper, Chalcolithic -Tremendous amount of imagination in the ornamentation of the objects -Images of humans and ibexes typical of Ghassulian people -Similar to those occurring at Abu Matar   Term Definition Star Wall Painting, Ghassul Chalcolithic -Earliest fresco in the Levant   Term Definition Mask Wall Painting, Ghassul Chalcolithic -Mask reminiscent of Shamanism   Term Definition Ivory Figurines, Bir Safadi Ivory and bitumen, Chalcolithic -Small, male and female figurines indicated by sex characteristics -Ornamented, evidence of bitumen used to attach some sort of inlay to eye sockets -Ivory workshop at Bir Safadi = specialization, new craftsmen class Term Definition House Idol, Golan Basalt, Chalcolithic Term Definition Ossuaries Clay, Chalcolithic -Contain the same flat-topped elements from Nahal Mishmar and seem to relate to architecture -Figural elements present again, like a nose or a horn -Size of the boxes means that they weren't primary burial spots Term Definition Animal bearing vessels, Azor Clay, Early Bronze Age I   -Compare to Gilat figurine, though it's unpainted -Shows religious continuity from Chalcolithic   Term Definition Plaque depicting Canaanites, Egypt Ivory, Early Bronze Age I   -Shows evidence for Palestinian imports into Egypt early on   Term Definition Model House, Arad Clay, Early Bronze Age II   -Model discovered at Arad, made of clay, shows us a very important feature (the roof) - shows us flat-roofed houses that would have had a drainage system   Term Definition Goblet, Ain es-Samiya Silver, Early Bronze Age IV   -Decorated in two techniques, repousse and engraving -Iconography not particularly Levantine; rather, much more of a Mesopotamian feel - skirt looks like a kaunakes -Star/rosette pattern associated with Inanna -Shows a knowledge of Mesopotamian imagery and iconography Term Definition Weapons, Barqai Copper, Early Bronze Age IV   -Tang spear heads - used to attach javelin point onto a wooden shaft -Appear in Cyprus, earlier than in the Levant, at Lapithos -Shows influence from Cyprus -Fenestrated axes demonstrate skill of metalworkers at the time Term Definition Canaanites in Egypt, Beni Hasan Wall painting, Middle Bronze Age   -Wall painting shows arrival of non-Egyptians into Egypt, identified because skin color much lighter than the mud red color of Egyptians, also costumes very different, and strange, mushroom cap hairstyle -Canaanites, who wear same hairstyle, = Hyksos? Term Definition Fish Vessel, Tel Poleg Clay, Middle Bronze Age II   -Typical example of Tell el-Yehudiyeh ware -Covered with a dark slip and surface decorated with incised patterns -Sometimes impressions were filled with white substance -Has a very wide distribution -Probably invented in the southern Levant but very soon manufactured in Cyprus Term Definition Fish Vessel, Tell el-Ajjul Alabaster, Middle Bronze Age II   -Of Egyptian manufacture -Evidence that Egypt and Canaan traded during the Middle Bronze Age -Could have been used as an unguent container Term Definition Anthropomorphic Vessel, Jericho Clay, Middle Bronze Age   -Example of Yehudiyeh ware -Was accompanied by a strainer, indicating Levantine obsession with straining liquid     Term Definition Gold work, Tell el-Ajjul Gold, Middle Bronze Age II   -Gold found in tombs, and buried below the floors of houses, perhaps as protection against an invading enemy (Ahmose later destroyed Tell el-Ajjul in the LBA) -Diadem plays around with floral motifs -Evidence of specialized metal industry at Tell el-Ajjul, though workshops never found Term Definition Goddess figurine, Tel Gezer Gold, Middle Bronze Age II   Term Definition Plaque depicting a Canaanite dignitary, Hazor Bronze, Middle Bronze II Term *insert image here* Definition Inlays, Megiddo Ivory, Middle Bronze II Term *insert image here* Definition Serpent goddess relief, Tell Beit Mirsim , Middle Bronze II Term         Qatna Definition -Unique because it's a square site, and most tells are round -Royal Palace of Ishki-Addu and Amud-pi-El of Qatna -Rectangular building dominated by large halls, some of which are actually open courtyards, others are actually throne rooms - one throne room for public audiences, one for private audiences -One hall (courtyard) had an impluvium in the center -One of the most important discoveries at the palace was wall painting Term         Alalakh Definition -Located 100 km to the north of Qatna -MBA level is Level VII, dated to 18th century -In VII a palace, a temple, and a Syrian gate -Palace was constructed by Yarim-lim -Alalakh was a trading center -There were metal workshops at the palace Term         Teleilat Ghassul Definition -Where the particular chalcolithic culture was first identified, thus named Ghassulian culture -Ghassulians may have discovered copper accidentally - metallurgy may have played a v. important role in changing them from nomadic to sedentary -Fully open-air above-ground settlement -Inside houses, working platforms for grinding grains -Shrine at Ghassul has earliest frescos in the Levant Term         Tell Arad Definition -One of the only sites that has Chalcolithic remains, which were found on the outer edge of the tell -Fortification wall (in casemate style) follows the natural contours of the tell itself -Tell reoccupied in the Iron Age -Houses, like Bab edh-Drah, are wide room -Sanctuary consists of a cluster of temples that are wide-room buildings with benches around the side, which resemble Ein Gedi Term         Ulu Burun Shipwreck Definition