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- An optical device that projects and image of its surrounding on another surface or screen.
- Consists of a box or room with a hole in one side
- Light from and external scene passes through the hole and strikes a surface inside where it is reproduced, upside-down (with mirrors, it is possible to project a right-side-up image)
- The image can be projected onto paper, and can then be traced to produce a highly accurate representation. |
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- A photograph made by an early photographic process; the image was produced on a copper plate sensitized to iodine and developed in mercury vapor
-One of the earliest photographic processes, developed by Louis Daguerre
-Used between 1839 and the 1860s. |
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- Or talbotype, is an early photographic process introduced in 1841 by William Henry Fox Talbot, using paper coated with silver iodide.
- The term calotype comes from the Greek words for 'beautiful' and 'impression'. |
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- Means "advance guard" or "vanguard".
- The adjective form is used in English, to refer to people or works that are experimental or innovative, particularly with respect to art, culture, and politics. |
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Illustration of Camera Obscura
17th Century |
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The Home of the Rebel
Sharp Shooter: Battle Field at Gettysburg
1863 |
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Portrait of Thomas Carlyle
Julia Margaret Cameron
Silver Print |
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The Artist's Studio
Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre
1837 |
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The Open Door
Henry Fox Talbot
1843
Calotype |
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In respons to the rigid and traditional values of the Academy, some French artists began to consider themselves members of an avant-garde, meaning "advance gaurd" or "vangaurd".
Avant-garde artists saw themselves in advance of an increasingly bourgeois society, plotting a new course though for the army to follow.
Realism was just one of the movements that evolved from this kind of thinking.
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French Realism arose simultaneously with the revolution of 1848
Realism was a highly political style. It championed laborers and common country folk, groups that challenged the authority and privilege of the Partisan aristocracy and bourgeoisie that were viewed in part as responsible for the current social and political upheavals.
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Interior of David's Studio
Leon Cochereau
Oil on canvas |
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The Birth of Venus
Alexandre Cabanel, Copied by Adolphe Jourdan
1864 |
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A Burial at Ornans
Gustave Courbet
1849
Courbet's new realism was, according to him, "The negation of the ideal... [and] the burial at Ornans was in reality the burial of Romanticism." |
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The Sower
Jean-Francois Millet
1850 |
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Plowing in the Nivernais: The Dressing of Vines
Rosa Bonheur
1849 |
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The Stone Breakers
Gustave Courbet
1849
"His painting is an engine of revolution...It is even said, to make us more terrified still, that this new art is the legitimate child of the Republic; that is is the product and manifestation of the democratic and popular genius. In M. Courbet, art makes itself part of the people." |
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The Gleaners
Jean-Francois Millet
1857 |
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The Horse Fair
Rosa Bonheur
1853-1855 |
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