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Drugs, Microbes, Host- The Elements of Chemotherapy
N/A
28
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
07/07/2010

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Term
Chemotherapeutic drug
Definition
Any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease
Term
Prophylaxis
Definition
Use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk
Term
Antimicrobial chemotherapy
Definition
The use of chemotherapetuic drugs to control infection
Term
Antimicrobials
Definition
All-inclusive term for any antimicrobial drug, regardless of its origin

Any substance that kills or inhibits the growth of a microorganism
Term
Antibiotics
Definition
Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms
Term
Semisynthetic drugs
Definition
Drugs which are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources
Term
Synthetic drug
Definition
The use of chemical reactions to synthesize antimicrobial compounds in the laboratory
Term
Narrow spectrum
Definition
Antimicrobials effective against a limited array of microbial types- drug effective mainly on gram-positive bacteria
Term
Broad spectrum
Definition
Antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types- drug effective against both gram-positve and gram-negative bacteria
Term
Drugs
Definition
Any man-made substance that kills or inhibits the growth of a microorganism
Term
Selective toxicity
Definition
Antimicrobials that specifically target microbial processes, and not the human host cellular processes
Term
Cell Wall Synthesis
- Cycloserine
- Vancomycin
Definition
- Inhibits the formation of the basic peptidoglycan units
- Hinders peptidoglycan elongation
Term
-cillin antibiotics

What are they and what do they target?
Definition
Target: Cell Wall Synthesis
Based on penicillin

- Can be natural
- Can be semisynthetic
- Structure is based on beta-lactam ring with variable side chains
- Penicilinases are enzymes that inactivate the -cillin antibiotics. Posession of such an enzyme classifies the bacterium as RESISTANT
Term
What is cephalosporin and what does it target?
Definition
Target: Cell Wall Synthesis

Isolated from the mold cephalosporium acremonium

- Diverse group with natural and semisynthetic members
- Structure is similiar to penicillin except the main ring is different and there are two sites for side chains
- Penicillinases are NOT effective against this
Term
What is Chloroquine and what does it target?
Definition
Target: Nucleic Acid Synthesis

Binds and cross-links the DNA double helix
Term
AZT
Definition
An antiviral that contains analogs of purines and pyrimidines. Blocks replication of virues
Term
Quinolones
Definition
Inhibit DNA unwinding enzymes
Term
What are aminoglycosides and what do they target?
Definition
Target: Protein synthesis

Binds the 30S ribosomes and produces nonfunctional proteins
Term
What are Tetracyclines and what do they target?
Definition
Target: Protein synthesis

Block the attachment of tRNA, thus stopping translation

Side effect- GI distruption
Term
What is Erythromycin and what does it target?
Definition
Target: Protein Synthesis

Inhibits protein synthesis

Commonly used as prophylactic before surgery
Term
What is chloramphenicol and what does it target?
Definition
Target: Protein synthesis

- Binds to the 50S ribosome, preventing peptide bond formation

Side effect: aplastitc anemia- only use if there is no other choice!
Term
What is aminoglycosides and what does it target?
Definition
Target: Protein synthesis

Isolated from the fungi streptomyces and micromonospora

- Broad spectrum
- Structure is amino sugars and an aminocyclitol ring
- Commonly used to treat bubonic plague and STDs
Term
What two microorganism target the cell membrane?
Definition
Polymixins and antifungals
Term
What are sulfonamides and what do they target?
Definition
Target: Folic acid synthesis

Commonly used to treat pneuomonia in AIDS patients

Commonly used to treat pneumonia in AIDS patients
Term
Antiprotozoan
Definition
Metronidazole
Term
Antimalarial
Definition
Quinine
Term
Antihelminthic
Definition
Mebendazole
Term
Antivirals
Definition
Target viral replication cycle by nucleic acid synthesis. Difficult to maintain selective toxicity
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