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Drugs
neuro 3
59
Accounting
Pre-School
06/10/2010

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Cards

Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
muscarinic and nicotinic agonist.

no clinical use, immediately hydrolyzed by Ache
Term
Bethanechol
Definition
muscarinic receptor agonist

treat flaccid abdomen, urinary retention

don't use with asthamatics because it causes bronchospasm
Term
pilocarpine
Definition
muscarinic receptor agonist

treat glaucoma and dry mouth

bronchospams, increase in exocrine secretions
Term
nicotine
Definition
low does it stimulates nictoinic receptors

high doses it inhibits nicotinic receptors and death is possible
Term
Edrophonium
Definition
reversible inhibits AchE (5-10)

use to diagnose myasthenia gravis, antidote to tubocarine

overdose can cause cholinergic crisis
Term
donepezil
Definition
reversibly inhibits AchE

treats alzheimer's disease

insomnia as a side effect
Term
pyridostigmine and physostigmine
Definition
reversibly inhibits AchE

treats mysthenia gravis

increase in Ach can cause cholinergic crisis

physostigmine is a good antidote for atropine overdose
Term
Echothiophate
Definition
irreversibly inhibits AchE (8days)

treats glaucoma(eye drop form) and esotropia

can result in cholinergic crisis
Term
pralidoxime
Definition
regnerates free and active AchE if given quickly enough

with atropine it treats cholinergic crisis

side effects=blurred vision, tachycardia and dizziness
Term
Atropine
Definition
Blocks M1-M5 receptors.

used as a inhibitor to AchE inhibitors, retinal exams and adjuvant in anesthesia and PD

initially starts with bradycardia (because affecting M2 presynaptic autoreceptors, and then tachycardia when it starts to affect M2 postsynaptic)
Term
scopolamine
Definition
blocks M1-M5

treats motion sickness

OD=anticholinergic symptoms
Term
Ipratropium
Definition
blocks M3 receptor

used to treat asthma, COPD

given as an aerosol to control bronchospasm
Term
dicyclomine
Definition
blocks M3 receptors,

treats irritable bowel syndrome

can also be used in urinary incontince
Term
muscarinic antagonists produce what kind of visual defecits
Definition
cycloplegia i.e. loss of ability to accomadate for near vision.

in contrast muscarinic agonists lose the ability to accomadate for far vision
Term
Nicotine
Definition
autonomic ganglionic depolarizing drug. activates at high lose, inhibits at low dose

tachycardia, increased BP, reduced GI motility (due to discharge of catecholamines from adrenal medulla)
Term
mecamylamine
Definition
competitive Ach receptor blocker, used in smoking cessation programs
Term
hexamethonium
Definition
Ach channel blocker, once used to treat hypertension

prevents choline from entering the neuron
Term
trimethaphan
Definition
competitive Ach receptor blocker

once used to treat hypertensive crisis
Term
The predominant tone of aterioles and venules is sympathetic in nature. ganglionic blockade will produce what effects?
Definition
arterioles: vasodilation, increased peripheral blood flow and hyptonsion

in veins dilation causes peripheral pooling of blood, decreased venous return and decreased cardiac output
Term
Pancuronium
Definition
blocks Nm receptors competitively

muscle relaxant in surgical anesthesia
Term
tubocarine
Definition
blocks nicotinic Nm receptors competitively

muscle relaxation in surgical anesthesia

causes histamine release and allergy
Term
succinylcholine
Definition
closes sodium channels (depolarization blocker)

used as a muscle relaxant in surgical anesthesia

produces depolarizing muscle blockade
Term
hemicholium
Definition
block of choline uptake into neuron
Term
vesamicol
Definition
block of Ach storage
Term
latrotoxins
Definition
promotion of neuroexocytosis or displacement of transmitter from axonal terminal
Term
phenylephrine
Definition
most selective alpha 1 agonist.

initially results in increase in BP but waning effect due to parasympathetic reflex (musacarinic Ach)
Term
clonidine
Definition
most selective alpha 2 AR.

decreases BP and some analgesia
Term
oxymetazoline
Definition
alpha 2 AR

used for congestion
Term
apraclonidine
Definition
alpha 2 AR,

used for glaucoma
Term
dobutamine
Definition
most selective beta 1 AR agonist

increases cardiac output (increase cardiac contractility and renin secretion by kidneys.
Term
terbutaline
Definition
selective for beta 2 AR agonist

used in acute bronchospasm as well as suppress premature labor
Term
albuterol
Definition
most selective for beta 2 AR,

used as a bronchodilator
Term
phenoxybenzamine/phentolamine
Definition
alpha1=alpha 2 antagonist.

used to control pheochromocytoma(excess EPI and NE) before surgery.
also treats carcinoid, mastocytosis

epi reversal possible
Term
Prazosin, doxazosin, terazosin
Definition
alpha 1>>>>>>alpha 2 antagonists

reduce blood pressure by blocking alpha 1 receptors in arterioles and venules

also used in BPH to reduce urinary hesitancy and increase urine flow. tackles two problems with one drug

less reflex tachcardia because don't affect alpha 2 as much
Term
tamulosin
Definition
alpha 1A, alpha 1D>>alpha 1B antagonist

used to increase urine flow in BPH patients

no BP effects because of subtype selectivity
Term
Yohimbe
Definition
alpha 2>>alpha 1 antagonist

used to cure ED

drops BP because of alpha 2
Term
What six things do beta blockers do?
Definition
1. decrease BP (direct cardiac and renin)
2. bronchoconstrict
3. decrease glycogen breakdown and glucagon release (results in fasting hypoglcemia)
4. reduce aqueous humor release
5. ISA (intrinsic sympathomimetic activity)
6. MSA (membrane stimulating activity)
4.
Term
timolol
Definition
beta1=beta2 antagonist

treat open angle glaucoma, also does not have local anesthetic affects so beta blocker of choice
Term
what are the major contraindications for beta blockers?
Definition
-anyone with a partial or complete AV heart block
-asthmatics
-insulin dependent diabetics
Term
in addition to lower BP and slowing the rate of cardiac contraction, what other applications does propanolol have?
Definition
beta1=beta2 blocker

1. migraine
2. postural tremor suppression
3. protect against arrhythmias in thyroid storm
4. alcohol withdrawal
5. taken prophylactically for stage fright
Term
labetalol
Definition
beta1=beta2 blocker AND blocks alpha 1.


useful for pheochromocytoma and hypertensive emergencies.
Term
carvedilol
Definition
beta1=beta2 blocker and alpha 1 blocker

treats mild to moderate HTN. also useful in reflex tachycardia
Term
fluoxetine
Definition
SSRI AKA prozac
Term
selegiline
Definition
MAO-B inhibitor
Term
what are the features of an MAOI overdose?
Definition
hyperpyrexia, HTN, hyperflexia, involuntary movements, agitation, hallucninations and coma
Term
what are the side effects of lithium use?
Definition
1. neurologic and psychiatric i.e. tremor
2. decreased thyroid function
3. renal side effects: excessive free water clearance. Thiazide diuretics to treat but need to reduce lithium dose 25%
4. chronic interstitial nephritis
5. edema
Term
Diazepam
Definition
AKA valium

anxiolytic benzodiazepine used as an anti-convulsant during status epilepticus and alcohol withdrawal.
Term
Oxazepam
Definition
anxiolytic benzodiazepine for use in elderly because it has a shorter half life.
Term
Busipirone
Definition
5-HT and D2 agonist

has selective anxiolytic effects with slow onset over weeks.

has a low frequency of side effects
Term
zolpidem
Definition
hypnotic selective GABA agonist

not an anticonvulsant or muscle relaxant
Term
ramelteon
Definition
novel hypnotic for sleep induction

MT1 and MT2 receptor agonists that act via the suprachiasmatic nucleus

no rebound insomnia or withdrawal
Term
flumazanil
Definition
benzodiazepine agonist.

IV, rapid onset

may cause seizures
Term
zaleplon
Definition
another hypnotic agent. metabolized in liver with a 1hr half life.
Term
phenobarbital
Definition
barbiturate: duration of action greater than 1 day used in seizure treatment
Term
what is the antidote for anticholinergic poisoning?
Definition
benzodiazepines

if pure anticholinergic then use physostigmine
Term
antidote for acetominophen overdose
Definition
N-acetylcysteine within 8-10 hours.
Term
what are the two treatments for ethylene glycol poisoning?
Definition
fomepizole and ethanol
Term
what are the two treatments for ethylene glycol poisoning?
Definition
fomepizole and ethanol
Term
what is the antidote for cyanide poisoning?
Definition
hydroxocobalamin (makes B12)
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