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Drugs Brains and Behavior
Exam 2 for Drugs Brains and Behavior Class
76
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
10/16/2012

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Term
Serotonin (5-HT)
Definition
neurotransmitter that regulates a variety of bodily processes
Term
Tryptophan Hydroxylase
Definition
Enzyme that converts tryptophan into 5-HTP. Specific marker for 5-HT.
Term
AADC
Definition
Enzyme that converts 5-HTP into 5-HT (serotonin)
Term
5-HT transporter
Definition
rapidly removes serotonin from the synapse. SSRI's inhibit this process, keeping serotonin in the synapse
Term
MAO
Definition
Catalyzes breakdown of serotonin to 5-HIAA. 5-HIAA levels are a measure of serotonin. Higher levels-more serotonin
Term
5-HT1A receptor
Definition
reduce cAMP synthesis and increase opening of K+ channels-leading to hyperpolarization (decrease in firing). Influences food intake (decreases it), anxiety (reduces it), alcohol consumption (reduces it), and temperature regulation (reduces it).
Term
Metabotropic receptors (& serotonin)
Definition
At least 15 receptors. All are metabotropic besides the 5-HT3A receptor
Term
Raphe Nucleus (& serotonin)
Definition
Most serotogenic neurons are located in the raphe nuclei.
Term
5-HT and behavior
Definition
Food intake, anxiety, alcohol conusmpton, temperature regulation. -reduces all of these. May help treat schizophrenia. Also reduced serotonin during REM sleep.
Term
Figure 6.15 (serotonin)
Definition
Low levels of tryptophan INCREASED depression symptoms in women
Term
Glutamate
Definition
neurotransmitter-exitatory; learning and memory
Term
Glutaminase
Definition
Enzyme that synthesizes glutamate. Transforms glutamine into glutamate
Term
EAAT (the point of them)
Definition
Excitatory amino acid transporter-removes glutamate from the synapse-important because too much glutamate can lead to diseases such as ALS. Also, once glutamate has been picked up, it is turned into glutamine again by glutamine synthetase, which leads it to be recycled back in the system.
Term
AMPA
Definition
Ionotropic receptor that leads to an influx of Na+. Leads to excitatory responses-depolarizes the cell
Term
NMDA
Definition
Ionotropic receptor. Glutamate and glycine bind, Mg2+ is removed, Na+ and Ca2+ enter the cell (which must be depolarized)-depolarizes the cell-excitatory responding
Term
Metabotropic (glutamate)
Definition
mGluR1-8. Inhibits/deactivates cAMP. Some are autoreceptors who inhibit glutamate release.
Term
Hippocampus & cortex (glutamate)
Definition
Cerabral cortex-glutamate used throughout. Also several pathways in the hippocampus.
Term
Glutamate & behavior
Definition
Increases the strength of synaptic conncetions, increases learning/memory, motor behavior , motor coordination. Too much causes cell death.
Term
Figure 7.8 (glutamate)
Definition
Mice that had an overexpressed NMDA receptor learned much faster than mice that did not. Demonstrates Glutamates effect on learning.
Term
GABA
Definition
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
Term
GAD
Definition
Enzyme that synthesizes GABA from Glutamate
Term
GAT
Definition
GABA transporter-inhibition can help to treat epilepsy
Term
GABAA
Definition
Ionotropic receptor that lets Cl- in the cell, which hyperpolarizes the cell and causes an IPSP
Term
GABAB
Definition
Metabotropic receptor. Lets K+ into the cell, hyperpolarizing the cell and causing and IPSP
Term
GABA and Behavior
Definition
muscle relaxant, rhythmic patterns, stablizes movement, regulates memory, and regulates executive functioning
Term
GABA and areas of concentration
Definition
cerebral cortex (regulates executive functioning), brainstem (rhythmic patterns), hippocampus (supresses memory), basal ganglia (regulates dopamergenic activity and stabalizes movement)
Term
Figure in Box 7.2 (GABA)
Definition
DBI may be a receptor for BDZ (binds on GABAA receptor)-when it was administered, rats reduced the amount that they drank when they were shocked because they felt the pain more. It blocked GABA from responding.
Term
Monitoring the Future
Definition
Projects studying drug use of 8th, 10th and 12th graders and college students to learn about patterns of use and abuse in these age groups
Term
Toxicity
Definition
behavioral-toxicity from behavioral effects of a drug (drunk driving).
acute-"short-term" "intoxication"
chronic- long-term, personality changes, heart disease, lung cancer, etc.
Term
1906 Pure Food and
Drug Act
Definition
Created the FDA. Products need to be clearly labelled.
Term
FDA
Definition
Regulates food, prescriptions, OTC drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, and vaccines. Does not regulate alcohol or illicit drugs. DOES regulate nicotine. Regulates new drugs, not drugs already on the market
Term
Harrison Act 1914
Definition
Tax intended to cut down on opium and cocaine international trade. Taxed those who produce, manufacture, compound, deal in, and/or dispense opium or coca leaves, salts, derivatives, or preparations. Mostly affected physicians, dentists, vets, and retailers.
Term
Drug Names (Code,
Chemical, Generic, Brand)
Definition
Code-from pharmaceutical company
Chemical- based on organic chemistry
Generic- legal name
Brand- based on different company names
Term
Drug Schedules
Definition
5 schedules
I-no medical use/high abuse potential-heroin, LSD, MDMA, THC, GHB (date-rape drug)
II-high abuse potential but some medical value-opium, morphine, ritaline, amphetamines
III-reduced abuse potential/medical value-barbituates, steroids
IV-lower abuse potential/medical value-valium, xanax, ambien
V-lowest abuse potential/medical value- low doses of codine/opium
Term
DEA
Definition
Drug Enforement Agency in the Department of Justice-enforces drug laws
Term
Gateway Theory
Definition
Alcohol leads to cigarettes leads to marijuana leads to cocaine leads to hard drugs. Not necessarily true. No causal relationship.
Term
Physiological
Dependence
Definition
Craving does not depend on physiological needs. Reflected in the time/effort expended to get a drug.
Term
Withdrawal
Definition
unpleasant symptoms with cesure of drug use.
Term
Physical Dependence Model
Definition
Based on tolerance. Initial drug use leads to repeated drug use which leads to physical dependence which leads to attempts at abstience which leads to withdrawl which leads to relapse. Classical conditionaing also plays a part because CS's are everywhere! But it dues not account for drugs with little tolerance/withdrawl, and individual differences.
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Model
Definition
Initial use leads to positive reinforcement which leads to repeated use which leads to attempts at abstinence which leads to craving (compulsive desire) which leads to relapse (positively reinforced). It does not explain physiological behaviors, tolerance, negative consequences. It does not explain why some people do not become dependent and why craving may not occur after 1 administration.
Term
Self-Administration
Definition
When rats self administer drugs based on a progressive ratio schedule.
Term
Mesolimbic Pathway
Definition
Ventral tegmental area-axons to to nucleus accumbens-rewarding pathway. Drugs hijack this pathway and reward.
Term
Break Point
Definition
When they no longer level press for a drug reward. High breaking point-highly rewarding substance
Term

Ethyl alcohol

Definition
Alcohol that we consume
Term
Fermentation
Definition
Sugars from grapes, honey, sugar cane, grains, etc. are eaten by yeast which creates ethanol and CO2. Fermentation continues until there is an alcohol concentration of 15%, when the yeast dies.
Term
Distillation
Definition
Alcohol is heated and the vapor is collected and cooled-then converted back into a liquid-leads to a higher concentration of alcohol.
Term
Proof
Definition
Determines alcohol content. 1/2 of the percentage of alcohol.
Term
BAC
Definition
Blood alcohol concentration-% of alcohol in the blood. gram/mg per 100 ml of blood.
Term
BAC and its effects
Definition
.025-.05 (ED50)-measurable behavioral effects
DUI-BAC > .08
DWI-BAC > .05-.07
.15-vomiting
.35-unconciousness
LD50-.45
Term
TI for alcohol
Definition
LD50/ED50=.45/.05=9
Term
Alcohol poisoning
Definition
Unconscious, slow/irregular breathing, cold skin, death
Term
Alcohol absorption &
factors influencing
Definition
10% from stomach, 90% from small intestine. Depends on food in the stomach, and sex differences (women absorb faster-less alcohol dehydrogenase and more fat)
Term
Alcohol metabolism
Definition
first-pass metabolism-90-95% metabolized in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase
lungs do 5% of metabolizing
excreted as CO2 and water
Term
Zero-order kinetics
Definition
metabolism at a constant rate
.015% per hour
Term
Alc. dehydrogenase
Definition
1st enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the stomach and liver. it breaks it into acetaldehyde
Term
Acetaldehyde
Definition
1st metabolite of alcohol, somewhat toxic and can lead to nausea. Breaks alcohol into ALDH
Term
ALDH
Definition
Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase-breaks down acetaldehyde quickly. Asians have more inactive ALDH-which leads to more acetaldehyde, which makes them feel more sick.
Term
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
Definition
Antabuse is a drug that inhibits ALDH, and it is intended to treat alcoholism my associating drinking with negative effects (of acetaldehyde), doesn't really work
Term
Cirrhosis
Definition
With chronic alcohol use, the liver spends less time releasing fats, leading it to accumulate fat. The cells then rupture and die, which is called cirrhosis.
Term
Alcohol & GABAA
Definition
agonist-enhances the effect. It is an allosteric modulator at a non-competative binding spot. GABA-A has a longer, more pronounced effect-more hyperpolarization. Chronic use leads to down regulation of GABA A or desensitization of GABA A.
Term
Disinhibition
Definition
Inhibiting an inhibitory behavior-instead of listening when the brain tells you not to do something, alcohol inhibits this response
Term
Alcohol and Glutamate
Definition
antagonist-inverse agonist. Decreases the amount of glutamate being released. Chronic use-increase of glutamate receptors-up regulation
Term
Agonist/Antagonist
Definition
agonist-mimics the effect of the neurotransmitter
antagonist-inhibits the effect of the neurotransmitter
Term
Tolerance at synapse
Definition
Up regulation of glutamate and down regulation of GABA.
Term
Alcohol and Dopamine
Definition
Indirect effect. Influences the mesolimbic dopamine pathway-increases firing of the VTA-inceases reward
Term
Other alcohol effects
(sleep, blood
circulation,
hormones)
Definition
Induces sleep, but reduces REM (critical for memory)
Peripheral blood circulation increased-appear flushed but actually lose body heat. Increases corticosteroids (more violence), decreases testosterone (less sexual behavior), decreases vasopression (pee a lot- don't retain water)
Term
Expectations
Definition
enhance social/physical pleasure
enhance sexual performance/responsiveness
increase power/assertiveness
reduce tension
Term
Alcohol & Driving
Definition
40% of all traffic accidents are alcohol related. Most in 18-24 age group
Term
Acute tolerance
Definition
diminished effect within 1 bout of drinking
Term
Enzyme induction
Definition
increases alcohol dehydrogenase and CYP430
Term
Behavioral tolerance
Definition
Instrumental learning-adjust behavior-but it is task-specific.
Term
Withdrawal
Definition
tremors, intense anxiety, high BP, increased heart rate, sweating, rapid breathing, nausea, vomiting, hallucinations. Hyperexitability of the CNS
Term
Korsakoff Syndrome
Definition
vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency-poor diet and failure to absorb nutrients. Critical for glucose metabolism. A deficiency leads to confusion, disorientation, tremors, coordination difficulties and significant memory disorder
Term
Physical dependence
Definition
leads to withdrawl symptoms and hangovers
Term
Alcohol & Aggression
Definition
a majority of individuals who commit violent offenses are under the influence of alcohol at the time of the crime. It is a correlation though. Expectations may be more important than alcohol consumption, may be cultural, and early childhood experiences may set the stage for agression
Term
Alcohol and Opioids
Definition
increase in endogenous opioid release. Leads to a decrease in endorphin release, and withdrawl leads to dysphoria
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