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Drugs & Behavior
Ch. 1
37
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
01/07/2008

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Term
Parenteral
Definition

Routes that do not make use of the alimentary canal.

1. Injection

2. Pulmonary

3. Topical

Term
Enteral
Definition
Routes that use the alimentary canal (oral and rectal)
Term
IV
Definition
INJECTION
Putting drug directly in the bloodstream
PROS Accuracy of dosage and speed of delivery
CON Cannot retrieve drug in case of overdose or allergic reaction. Also must worry about sterilization
Term
SQ
Definition
INJECTION
Under the skin by injection or implants (in solid form)
Term
IM
Definition
INJECTION
Injection of drug into a ________ mass, usually arm or butt. Slower absorption
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
INJECTION
For pain management, drugs are injected directly onto the spinal cord. Keeps drug confined to very small area.
Two types: epidural (just outside the protective layers surrounding the spinal cord); spinal anesthetics (directly onto the spinal cord)
Term
Limitations of Oral
Definition
SWALLOWING (Enteral)
1. if person is unwilling or unconscious
2. if person is vomiting
3. contents of stomach determine level of absorption
4. stomach acid may interfere
Term
Rectal
Definition
Enteral
Has enormous variability of absorption.
Term
Injection
Definition
Use of a hypodermic syringe

1. IV
2. IM
3. SQ
4. Central Nervous System
Term
Pulmonary
Definition
Inhaling a drug (another parenteral route) NOT SNORTING
Absorption is rapid
Shortest route to brain
Term
Topical
Definition
Laying a drug onto a body surface, usually a mucous membrane

1. Sublingual
2. Intranasal
3. On the skin (DMSO)
Term
Sublingual
Definition
TOPICAL
Placing a drug under the tongue.
If some is swallowed, then it is enteral.
Term
Intranasal
Definition
TOPICAL
Intense inhalation of a drug, usually in powdered form, through the nostril. Does not reach the lungs but lays on the olfactory mucousal membranes of the nose.
Term
Skin contact
Definition
TOPICAL
DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) is an efficient solvent and if drugs are dissolved in it, the drug can be absorbed through skin contact
Term
Types of drug receptors
Definition
Neurotransmitter receptors
Enzymes
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
Term
Membrane Transport Mechanisms
Definition
Some cells have ___________ in their membranes that have the function of transporting items across the cell membrane. Certain drugs bind to the proteins and prevent cellular movement.
Term
Receptors for Neurotransmitters
Definition
Target surface has specialized proteins that bind _______ and drug molecules can bind to these receptors and change the interactions that normally result.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Some _____ can bind drug molecules and have their energy changed as a result. Sometimes the normal activity is blocked.
Term
Main Effect
Definition
SOMETIMES means most intense effect.
Usually means the effect that is of most interest to the author.

"One persons main effect is another's side effect"
Term
ED#
Definition
The effective dose (shows the desired behavior) is __ (#) % of the population.
Term
Therapeutic Index
Definition
LD-50/ED-50 The larger the number, the less likely you are to die, the safer the drug dosage.

Measures how close you are to the LD (small number = close)
Term
What does a drug do?
Definition
1. Enters the body
2. Distributes through the body
3. Excreted in a changed or unchanged form
4. All the while, interacting with receptors
Term
What is a drug?
Definition
Any exogenous substance or compound
Term
What do all of the body compartments have in common?
Definition
They must make contact with the blood. The blood reaches every compartment in the body.
Term
Absorption
Definition
The time from the administration of a drug to the time is reaches the blood circulation.
Term
What protein do drugs bind to in the blood?
Definition
Albumin
Term
Lipid
Definition
Hydrophobic
Fat
The cell membrane is a double layer of lipids
Term
Phosphate
Definition
Hydrophilic
Part of membranes
Term
Basic dilemma for the brain?
Definition
Needs more nutrients from the blood than any other organ YET must be the most protected from the toxins in the blood--hence the Blood-Brain Barrier
Term
IV absorption
Definition
immediate
Term
Inhalation absorption
Definition
Fast, but not as fast as IV
Inhalation has the shortest route to the brain, however
Term
Components of the BBB
Definition
1. Capillaries are specialized so they have virtually no gaps between them
2. Glial cells protect the neurons so the drugs must go through the glial cells before they reach the neuron.

AS A RESULT.. drugs must be highly lipid-soluble
Term
3 Ways for Excretion
Definition
1. Lungs
2. Liver (accumulate in bile)
3. Fluid (sweat, mom's milk)
Term
Active Metabolites
Definition
Those products produced in the process of biotransforming a drug which are psychoactive themselves

Drug A --> biotransformation --> Drug A' (still activates receptors and has effects)
Term
Half-life
Definition
The time it takes for half the initial dose of a drug to be cleared from the blood
Term
Approximation of Clearance
Definition
4 1/2 half-lives

96% of the drug is cleared.
If you dose more often that 4 1/2 half-lives, then you will accumulate drugs in your system
Term
To be a receptor...
Definition
1. Must bind drug molecule
2. Presence of the bound drug molecule must alter some normally occurring physiological event

--> if not change, NOT a receptor
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