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Drugs and the human body
N/A
140
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
10/24/2013

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Cards

Term
What is a drug?
Definition
any absorbed substance taht changes or enhances any psychical or psycholical functions in the body
Term
What are the types of drugs that produce a withdrawal syndrome? (3)
Definition

1) Depressants 

2) Stimulants

3) Opiates 

Term
what is the difference between phamacodymanics and pharmacokinetics?
Definition

- pharmacodymanics stud drug actions and effects

- pharmacokinetics : study the rates of change of a drug (ex. rates of absorption)

Term
Whta is peristalsis?
Definition
rythmic motion of GI system in digestion
Term
what does renal mean?
Definition
pertaining to kidneys
Term
what is Synergistic?
Definition
when multiple elements come together to give a super addictive effect
Term
what is taxol? and where did it originate?
Definition
taxol is a new anti cancer drug, that has not bee synthesised yet because it is very complex, and comes from teh Yew Tree
Term
what does Visceral mean?
Definition
pertaining to internal organs
Term
what does febrile mean?
Definition
feverish
Term
what does emetic mean?
Definition
drug that induces vomiting
Term
what is an antipyretic?
Definition
reduces fever
Term
what is an analgesic?
Definition
reduces pain
Term
what is chemotherapy?
Definition
attack on a disease using a specififc chemical designed for the purpose
Term

what are forms of chemotherapy not involving chemicals?

Definition

a) holistic (spiritual)

b) herbal (bee venom)

c)homeopathy (ting doses) of active consituent

Term
what is naturopathy?
Definition
techniques used to restor health rather than treat disease
Term
what is body based medicine?
Definition
- useful in chiropractic, acupuncture, and massage
Term
what is Digitalis? and where does it originate from?
Definition
a cardiactive steroid from foxglove plant
Term
What is insulin? Where does insulin come form?
Definition
its promotes and regulates gulcose and comes from the pancreas of dogs
Term
can you make drugs from gene splicing?
Definition
yes, but only porteins
Term
do compounds with similar structure also show similar biological activity?
Definition
yes
Term
What does Ibuprofen contain?
Definition
isobutyl, propionic acid  and phenyl ring
Term
what is the brand name of acetaminophen?
Definition
Tylenol
Term
what does TI mean?
Definition

therapeutic index = TD50/ED50

- high values are safer 

- tells you how fatal a substance is 

Term
Does alcohol have a lower TI than cocaine and morphine?
Definition
no, alcohol has a TI of 10 , Cocaine, 15 and Morphine 70
Term
what drug can actively transport ?
Definition
L- Dopa, but common for sugars and amino acids
Term
What are the different kinds of routes of administration?
Definition

1) Oral = most common 

2) Inhalation = corrosive over time

3)Injection = need for sterlization

4) Body orifices

5) Skin application/patch 

6) Implantable = slow release 

Term
which two countries are fake drugs an issue?
Definition
latin america (mexico) and china
Term
which brand has just came out with a cheaper version of viagra?
Definition
Teva
Term
what is the difference between aspirin and advanced aspirin?
Definition
advance aspirin works 6x fast and uses nanos
Term
how do drugs come into the body?
Definition
through the capillary beds
Term
Is cholesterol water soluable?
Definition
No, it is unsoluable and can only dissolve with hydrocarbon
Term
Which cholesterol is the worst for you: HDL, LDL, or VLDL?
Definition
VLDL = trans fatty acids
Term
what is teh chemical structure of steroids/cholesterol?
Definition
4 rings (6,6,6,5)
Term
what is the highest selling prescription drug?
Definition
Lipitor - cholesterol
Term
which sex is gallstones more prevelant in?
Definition
women
Term
what are the 3 function groups of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid)?
Definition
R= carbon , H = halixe, OH = hydrogen and oxygen
Term
what is the most organic compound on the planet?
Definition
gulcose (sugar)
Term
what are organic chemicals?
Definition
chemicals that contain carbon
Term
What are the critierias for addiction?
Definition

1) withdrawl

2)psychological changes 

3) tolerance build up

Term
how is botox used as an analgesic?
Definition
it is being used to treat chronic migraines, however it is the most toxi substance known to humans
Term
what happens as we get older?
Definition
we lose water, increase fat levels and lose muscle mass
Term
What is BMI and how is it calculated?
Definition

Body Mass index : weight in kg/height in m2

ex. 100 kg mass at 2m height 

BMI = 100/4 = 25

healthy range is 20 -26

Term
What is the blood brain barrier? and what drugs can pass more easily?
Definition

blood brain barrier is a meberane that seperate blood from the cereprobal spinal fluid

 

- sat soluable drugs peneterate more easily than water soluble

Term
which drugs can penetrate the blood brain barrier easily?
Definition

- tranquilizers

- barbiturates

- LSD

- narcotics (opioids)

- marijuana

Term
Which molecules stay longer in the body; polar or non polar?
Definition
- non polar = THC
Term
what are the 6 main analgesics (pain killers)?
Definition

1) aspirin 

2) acetaminophen (tyelnol)

3) Ibuprofen (mortin/advil)

4) Naproxen (aleve)

5)Celebrex & vioxx

Term
What does the term xenobiotic mean?
Definition

- a forgien substance to the body

- most drugs, or toxins (pesticides)

- human body must beable to break it down

 

Term
What enxyme is primarily found in the liver?
Definition

Cytochrome P -450 (CYP)

- xenobiotic break down manily due to CYP

Term
What is hyrdolysis?
Definition

- adding water may cleave an ester function

ex. alcohol and carboxylic = Aspirin

Term
what is ment by drug half life?
Definition
- time needed for inital level of drug in blood to fall 1/2 of this value ( t1/2)
Term
what are the 3 types of drug tolerance?
Definition

1) Metabolic: liver makes more enzymes

2) cellular adaptive : tissues do not respond

3) behavioral : user learns to handle drug

Term
what are the two major types of drug - drug interactions?
Definition

1) Synergism : 2 drugs act on eachother to enhance effects

2) Barbiturates and alcohol

Term
what is an anit- coagulant?
Definition
inhibits the formation of blood clots
Term
how much does 1 grain = in mg?
Definition
65 mg
Term
what are the 7 body fluids that drugs target?
Definition

1) Intracellular 

2)Extracellular

3) cerebrospinal 

4)Placental blood supply 

5)Intraocular (inside eye)

6) synovial (inside body joints)

7) Urine

Term
What 5 tissues do drugs target?
Definition

1) Muscle 

2) organs

3) Fat 

4) Albumins

5) Bone

Term
drugs are often unequally distrbuted. What are the two barriers of distrubition?
Definition

1) Blood brain barrier

2) placenta barrier 

Term
how may the liver handle a drug?
Definition

1) changed chemically 

2) chemically linked to a normal body substance 

3) altered to be more soluble in urine

Term
what does induction of microsomal enzymes mean?
Definition
- if a person takes heavy doses of barbiturates over many days the liver nezymes may be insufficient to handle detoxification
Term
what are the two parts of the autonomic nervous system?
Definition

parasympathetic : relax 

sympathetic : fight or flight 

Term
what are sympathomimetics?
Definition
ddrugs that imitat the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (ex. amphetamines)
Term
what are two ways that neurotransmitters can terminate transmission?
Definition

- catabolism (enzymes break it down)

- reuptake

Term
what are terms thatend ASE and what end in OSE called ?
Definition

ase (enzymes)

ose (sugar)

Term
what are the two types of receptors?
Definition

Alpha : relaxation 

Beta : increase in heart activity

Term
what are beta blocker?
Definition
beta blockers are used to treat ADHD , cheat pain, and high blood pressure
Term
What is ritalin for? and what does it do?
Definition
ritalin is for children with ADD, and it causes a release of dompaine ad norepinephrine
Term
What if the difference between the structure of dompaine and the structure of neropinephrine?
Definition
neropinephrine has an OH
Term
Why does L-dopa exists?
Definition
COOH is added to dopamine to make L-dopa so it can cross the blood brain barrier
Term
What are the most important neurotransmitters?
Definition

1) Acetylcholine * (found in CNS and PNS)

2)Norepinephrine

3) Dopamine

Term
What are two other important neurotransmitters?
Definition

1)Gaba: major inhibiorty transmitter in brain

2) Serotonin: blood, brain and GI tract

 

- both related to depression

Term
what are 4 popular anti depressants?
Definition

1)Prozac - no longer patent

2)Paxil - PTSD

3)Wellburtin - also cuts smoking cessation

4) Zolfot - can be used for pms

 

Term
What drugs contain fluorine?
Definition
Lipitor, Crestor, Seretide
Term
What is Tryptophan?
Definition

an amino acid found in milk and turkey that gets converted into serotonin 

 

- it is a sleep inducer and or body can not produce it on its own

Term
Does the UN or RCMP encourage SIS's? ( safe injection sites)
Definition
The UN does but NOT RCMP
Term
What is covalent bonding?
Definition
a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron paris between atoms
Term
what is laudanum?
Definition
mix of alcohol, codiene and morphine
Term
What is tiritium?
Definition
element that will radioactively label morphine during a scan
Term
What are 4 kinda of opiod receptors?
Definition

- Mu 

- Delta

- Kappa

- Orphan receptor (ORL)

Term
how are codeine and morphine simialr in their chemical structures?
Definition
codeine has O CH3 instead of OH
Term
What does chewing on coca help with?
Definition
altitude sickness (machu picchu)
Term
which is the most unsatisfying drug ?
Definition
cocaine
Term
what are the personality traits of a heavy user of cocaine?
Definition

- ambitious 

- competitive 

-financially well off 

-intolerant of weakness 

Term
what is teh average purity of street cocaine?
Definition
60%
Term
which compounds are used to 'cut; street cocaine?
Definition

- Lidocaine 

- Procaine 

Term
what structures are related to cocaine?
Definition

- atropine 

- scopolamine

Term
Which country consumes the most about of coffee?
Definition
Finland
Term
Which country consumes the most amount of alcohol?
Definition
Moldava( Czechoslovakia )
Term
what is a teratogen?
Definition

factor that causes malformation of the embryo

(alcohol)

Term
at what BAC do you reach black out?
Definition

0.20%,

and 0.30% = lethal

Term
what BAC are you considered legally drunk in ontario?
Definition
0.8%
Term
hwo long does caffeine last?
Definition
3 - 7.5 hrs (usually 3 tho)
Term
can coffee affect the chances of a miscarriage?
Definition
2 cups a day = double the chance
Term
how much is too  much coffee?
Definition
4 cups (500 - 600mg)
Term
does caffeine effect children differently?
Definition

Yes, 

1 cola drink for a child = 4 cups of coffee for an adult

Term
what is taurin?
Definition

an acid found in energy drinks that reduc blood pressure and used in body building

 

structure: 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid, major constituent of bile; 1st isolated from ox bile 

Term
How many mg in red bull?
Definition
80 mg, about a half a cup of coffee
Term
Does caffeine offset alcohol?
Definition
Nope
Term
is 'non' alcoholic beer actually 'non' alcoholic?
Definition
No, it can contain as much as 0.5%, and thsi can cause a relapse for addicts
Term
what are congeners?
Definition
certain chemical added for flavor, odor and colour to alcohol (gastiritis association)
Term
what alcohols are more likely to give you a hangover?
Definition
red wine, brandy, and whiskey
Term
which ethnicty drinks more?
Definition
whites
Term
what is the proof of pure eythl?
Definition
200 proof
Term
what is denatured alcohol?
Definition
chemicals are added to ethyl to ensure that humans can not drik it (ex. acetone)
Term
what is wood alcohol?
Definition
methyl: ethyl's poisonous cousin
Term
does alcohol effect the way we sleep?
Definition
Yes, it changes REM
Term
what are delirium trements (DT)?
Definition
seirzers and cardovasular collapse that occurs with withdrawal
Term
how is caffiene used medically?
Definition
to treet migraines because it acts as a vasodillator (dilates blood)
Term
what are the different carbon "suffix's " ?
Definition

single = ane (butane)

Double = ene (polystyrene)

Triple = yne (ethyne)

Term
What are teh different prefixes?
Definition

Pentane 

Isopentane 

Neopentane 

Term
Which Alkane has the least amount of Isomers and which has the most?
Definition

least = Methane 

Most = Decane 

Term
what are cycloalkanes?
Definition
they have 6 C's (hexagon) = C6H12
Term
where do hydrocrabons come from?
Definition
refining petroleum
Term
what are the sub categories of hydrocrabons? (4)
Definition

1) Alkanes

2)Alkenes

3)Alkynes

4)Aromatics

Term
what are aromatic compounds?
Definition
they conatin one or more benzene ring, and like cyclohexane but 3 double bonds
Term
What is the acetaminophen (tylenol) structure?
Definition
Para postion of N -acetyl group on benzen ring
Term
What is teh structure of aspirin?
Definition

benzen ring, carboxylic acid, and ester

C9H8O4

Term
what is the structure for Ibuprofen(Mortin/Advil)?
Definition

 hydrophobic aromatic , 3 C side chain

(carboxylic acid, Benzene ring , isobutyl sidechain)

Term
what is the chemical structure of Naproxne?
Definition
C14H14O3
Term
what is a beta -phenethylamine?
Definition
link for activity in many neurotransmitters, induces a high that is similar to 'being in love'
Term
how is the structure of epinephrine similar to that of norepinephrine?
Definition
no methyl group on N
Term
how is aleve's (Naproxen) structure simialr to crystal meth?
Definition
Aleve has an OH component, that makes it different
Term
PMMA is the laced version of ectasy, how much more toxic is it?
Definition
5x more toxic then ectasy
Term
which drug does bath salts resemble structurally?
Definition
ectasy
Term
how much is 1 teaspoon in ml?
Definition
5ml
Term
A patient brings home a prescription consisting of 200ml of a liquid . The doctor said take 1 teaspoon full 4x a day. how long will the prescription last?
Definition

1 teaspoon = 5ml 

5x4 = 25 ml 

200/25 = 10 

 

prescription will last 10 days

Term
how many grams are in a pound?
Definition
454 grams = 1lb
Term
If a dose of  a drug is 25 mg/kg body weight and a patient weighs 176 pounds, how many grams of drugs should he be given?
Definition

454 = .454

.454 x 176 = 79.9 kg

79.9 x 25 = 1997mg

.001 x 1997 = 1.997 g

Term
what is an alkoid? where is it obtained? and what are examples?
Definition
alkoid = organic molecules that conatin nitrogen and alkaine , found in plants (caffeine, codiene, nictoine)
Term
what are the advantages of oral treatment vs. injection?
Definition

oral : painless, no need for sterility, easy administration 

injection: rapid, direct acess , rightaway

 

 

Term
why did the FDA state that the combo of aspirin and an antacid is irration?
Definition
aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid so using another acid to relieve issue wouldnt work
Term
what happens to CNS, cardio system, and eye during cocaine use?
Definition
- increased heart rate, blood pressure increase, euphoria, and dialted pupils
Term
what si the most mind altering drug used in america?
Definition
caffiene
Term
what lead to cold hands and feet when smoking?
Definition
constriction of peripheral blood vessels
Term
what is racemixture?
Definition

50/50 mixtures or dextrortatory and leorotary optical issomers 

(inactive)

Term
what is antabuse?
Definition
a treatment for alcoholics , prevents nausea, and headaches
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