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Drugs and Behavior test 2
n/a
61
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/24/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
demographic of smoking
Definition

around 25% of american population smoke 

most people who smoke are 18-25 years old 

mostly men

less educated and wealthy people tend to smoke more even though it is harder for them to afford 

all smokers live shorter lives 

Term
Historical events of the 1940's-80's to the changing rate of smoking
Definition

first gaining popularity in the early 20th century 

steedly increased during and following WWI

declined during the great depression

increased largely again during WWII 

leveled off after the war 

decreased in the 50's when studies linked cancer to smoking 

increased after the sale of filtered cigs 

decreased 1964 with first surgeon general 

as a result advertisments were direct to women sales increased 

70s anti smoking commericals decreased smoking 

continue to declined with double tax 

Term
carbon monoxiode harmful effects
Definition

binds up hemoglobin (transports oxygen) 

interfers with ability of oxygen to get through your body 

reduces amount of hemoglobin availble for binding oxygen 

deprives body tissues of oxygen

shortness of breath

Term
Tar's harmful effect
Definition

makes it hard for air sacs to expand 

cause shortness of breath

nicotine enters the body on tar which are carcinogenic 

tar ties up cilia (move stuff away from lungs)

so they cant brush away harmful particles from the air way 

causes coughing because cilia air becomes hard 

Term
Nicotine
Definition

alters the brain chemistry- addictive part 

reaches the brain in about 7 seconds 

70-80% of nicotine is broken down by liver enyzme cytochrome 

transformed into cotinine 

nicotine binds to nicotinic (cholinergic) repectors which release dopamine and acetylcholine 

increases concentration reaction time, improves memory, enhances mood, stimulates vomitting, 

cause tremors. 

Term
Nicotine-titration hypothesis
Definition

the idea that smokers adjust their rate of smoking in order to achieve a certain level of nicotine 

smokers smoke more often with low nicotine cigs and smoke less with high nicotine cigs 

when nicotine blood levels fall below a certain point smokers will smoke in order to avoid withdrawal 

stop smoking to avoid toxic affects at higher levels 

Term
Nicotine in terms of speed of reaching the brain
Definition

reaches the blood in about 7 seconds. 

by puff by puff delivery 

Term
pharmacokinetics of nicotine
Definition

70-80% of nicotine is broken down by liver enzyme cytochrome 

transformed into cotinine (half life of 12-24 hr half life. 

genetic variations in CYP2A6 results in reduced metabolism associated with reduced smoking 

metabolized by liver mostly, but also kidneys and lungs 

primarly excreted in the urine (10-20%) 

but also sweat saliva and in womens breast milk 

Methoxsalen mimics a genetic variation which lets the body metabolize nicotine

 

Term
nicotine cholinergic receptors found?
Definition

nicotine receptors found in the brain

specifically in the reward pathways (VTA and substantia nigra) 

also under the muscarinic category which is located in the post ganglionic neurons 

Parasympathetic area and some sympathetic 

Term
what is it meant by a high affinity receptor and what does it mean for the effectiveness of nicotine
Definition

nicotine receptors are sensitive to nicotine and there for called high affinity receptors 

which means that ligand binding results from greater intermolecular force 

nicotine is especially effective to receptors in releasing certain neuotransmitters ( dopamine, acetycholine) 

Term
locations in the brain where nicotine exerts its effects
Definition

nicotine affects the PNS

increased blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tremors, killing taste bugs

also affect the CNS

enhancing cognitive function and inducing relaxation 

Term
what is mecamylamine
Definition

drug initially for lowering blood pressure 

nicotinic antagonist by blocking the rewarding effects of nicotine. 

at high doses induces drowsiness hypotension and constipation 

Term
what are the health risks associated with smoking
Definition

increases HR and BP which can cause multiple heart problems 

CO inhibits oxygen delivery so the heart has to pump harder increasing risk of heart problems 

tar- lungs cant expand all the way develop lung tumors or problems 

smokers cough 

cilia can no longer remove the flem 

carcinogens cause cancer 

incubation period development takes a long time, which is why people dont immediatly stop smoking

Term
caffeine levels found in common methlyxanthines
Definition

liquid cocaine- 280 mg/ 8oz 

coffee 100mh/5oz

red bull 80mg/8oz 

choc bar 40mg 

tea 35mg/5oz 

Term
primary mechanism of action for methylxanthines
Definition

quickly absorded from the GI (stomach/intestine) 

crosses blood brain barrier 

peak level in the body 15-45 minutes 

half life of 1 to 3 days 

metabolized by liver 

excreted by the kidneys 

inhibits neuromodulator called adenosine (inhibits realse of transmitters) 

SNS activation ( fight or flight) and release of transmitters 

adrenaline release from adrenal gland/ SNS activation

Term
alcohol production
Definition

start with fruit or grain (grapes- wine, grain beer)

sugar content expose to air 

microorganisms grow (yeast) 

as it grows devours the sugar

as sugar content decreases 

alcohol level increases through fermentation 

leaves you with ethyl alcohol which is 10-15% alcohol 

distill the ethyl (increase alcohol level) by boiling

pull out water and concentrate alcohol 

 

Term
difference between fermentation and distillation
Definition

fermentation- yeast eats sugar molecules raising ethanol content 

Distillation- process by which the fermented mixture increases its alcohol content (boiling) 

Term
changes in psychological and motor activity that accompanies increasing blood alcohol concentrations
Definition

inhibits frontal cortex 

cognitive function impaired 

inhibits cerebellum 

reaction time slowed

hand/eye coordination 

Brainstem- lower heart rate, BP breathing and other vital functions  

acetaldhyde build up- vomitting induced 

loss of inhibition, impaired judgement, changes in emotion and mood, aggression and sexual behavior 

Term
disulfiram treatment of alcohol
Definition

causes unpleasant effects when even small amounts of alcohol consumed, 

headache, nausea, vomitting, chest pain, weakness, blurred vision

used as a deterrent against alcohol for addicts 

interfers with aldehyde dehydrogenase so acetaldehyde doesnt metabolize

associate drinking with nausea 

Term
Naltrexone treatment for alcohol
Definition

intended to reduce craving and severity of any relapses to alcohol that occur after abstinence 

works as an antagonist by regulating dopamine levels 

Term
process by which alcohol acts on cells in the brain
Definition

acts on the opioids (pain reduction/endorphins) by modulating DA by releasing more 

when you drink opioids increase 

reinforces drinking by positive effect (DA release) 

Term
alcohol affect on glutamate
Definition

glumate effect on memory 

hippocampus has NMDA receptors for glutamate, how we form memories 

if alcohol levels are high enough they will inhibit/impair glutamate to effect NMDA receptors 

which causes black out 

Term
affects of GABA with alcohol
Definition

enhances its action.

GABA hyperpolarizes cells by letting Chloride into the cell 

also have receptor cells for alcohol 

when you add alcohol it will bind with GABA causing even more hyperpolarization of the cell 

HR BP ad breath rate are all inhibited

leads to passing out 

Term
Vasodilation
Definition

heat loss,

you feel hot because your blood cells rush to the surface of your skin

but body temp is decreasing

 

Term
Physiological effects of alcohol toxicity
Definition

increased urination

reduces amounnt of body fat that is oxidized because alcohol serves as cheap fuel and is burned quicker than fat (long term weight gain) 

disruption of sleep patterns ( suppresses REM sleep) 

impairs memory via effects on glutamate 

Term
Sensorimotor effects of alcohol toxicity
Definition

vision decreases in accuracy, taste and smell are not as sensitive 

overall sensitivity is decreased (touch, pain) 

body cant remain still 

alcohol and driving accidents 

Term
Psychological effects on alcohol toxicity
Definition

loss of inhibition (act out of character) 

impaired judgment 

changes in emotion and mood (friendliness, percpetion of words)

aggression of sexual behavior is also altered 

Term
Fatty liver
Definition

accumulation of triglycerides in the liver cells 

its just fat storage but at higher levels it impairs livers metabolic ability 

can be reversed after you stop drinking

Term
alcohol hepatitis
Definition

liver cell damage due to increased levels of acetaldehyde in the body 

very hard on liver cells  because the acetalkehyde doesnt break down (dehydrogenase doesnt work fast enough)

causes scar tissue where cells can not re grow 

not proven but could possibly lead to cirrhosis 

Term
Cirrhosis
Definition

death of the liver cells resulting in scar tissue 

no functioning cells

most serious life threatening illness cause my alcohol 

can cause liver failure 

irreversible condition 

average life expectancy after diagnosis is 5 years 

Term
causes and symptoms of Korsakoff's syndrome
Definition

develops after 30-40 years of heavy drinking

result of alcohols inhibitory effect of the body ability to absorb vitamin b 1 

leads to neuron death without B1

causes serious memory impairment 

opens cavities in the brain, causing them to die 

causes confusion, confabulation, and dimension

Term
teratogenic effects of alcohol
Definition

prenatal exposure leads to fetal alcohol syndrome 

severity depends on amount of alcohol pregnant mother consumes and how often 

low birth weight, slow cognitive development, slow physical development, and craniofacial deformality (eyes slanted, flat face, larger distance from nose to mouth)

 

Term
selective breeding and how can this be used to study teratogenic effects of alcohol
Definition

breeding rats who prefer alcohol to water for several generations 

eventually females will drink during pregnancy 

can examine the genes and effects/ differences in rats exposed to alcohol in uterus 

let them grow up to see if you can do anything to aid development 

 

you can overcome some of the physical disabilties with fetal alcohol syndrome 

Term
angelo mariani
Definition
french chemist who used low levels of cocaine in his wine
first time cocaine was used in retail product
endorsement from the pope "miracle wine, good for all ailments"
Term
sherlock holmes
Definition
fictional character in popular mystery novels
avid user of cocaine and morphine
introduced coke to popular culture
Term
Freud
Definition
avid use of coke
one of the most prominent figures in psychological field
wrote a novel about it
good for treatment of depression, asthma, and alcoholism, aphrodisiac
rejected use after friend almost OD
Term
creation of cocaine
Definition
erythroxylon coca grows mainly in S. American
you take the coca leafs (tons) and extract active ingredient.
harvest then dry leafs,
grind them using a trough or a press

chewing leaf result in mild buzz
Term
freebase cocaine
Definition
smoke able cocaine that is developed by dissolving in water, ammonia or ether to separate from HC1
extract the resulting base with a solvent
very dangerous
Term
crack
Definition
smokeable
dissolve cocaine with baking soda in water heating the dissolve then drying it producing chunks
effects are felt almost immediately in the brain.
wears off very soon 10-20 min
the half life is 30-90 min
Term
pathway in the brain for the rewarding effects of many drugs
Definition
mesolimbocortical pathway
begins in low, midbrain, or VTA
neurons then project towards the nucleus accumbens (another large part of DA pathway)
ends in the prefrontal cortex
this affect the limbic system,
including amygdala, hippocampus
dopamine receptors are linked to reward effects of drugs and psychosis
Term
cocaethylene
Definition
dangerous metabolic formed in the liver when cocaine and alcohol are mixed
extends the half life of cocaine and furthers the toxic effects of alcohol
some stimulating and euphoric effects
possess high risk for heart attacks
aggression is a common side effect
large amounts build up in liver and can cause massive failure
Term
how does cocaine act as agonists
Definition
blocking dopamine transporters
blocks re uptake
increasing amount in synapse
also effects on serotonin and norepinephrine
Term
how does amphetamine act as agonist
Definition
effect on dopamine
blocking re uptake
have the ability to use the transporter to get inside neuron
spread dopamine around the body easier and more intensely
Term
amphetamine pharmacokinetic
Definition
highly lipid soluble
quickly absorbed nasally/orally
only smokeable in methamphetamine form
peaks oral adminstration 1.5 hours half life of 10-12 hours
much longer euphoria compared to coke that has much shorter half life.
Term
effects cocaine produces in the SNS
Definition
is a stimulant due to the release of norepinephrine (fight or flight)
increased BP, HR, respiration rate
can be damaging in that it can cause your heart to blow out or stroke
Term
why is methamphetamine more potent and more addictive than amphetamine
Definition
amp are only available in pill forms, which take longer time to peak/ desired effects are felt
almost prescribed so they can be controlled
Methamp replace hydrogen group with methyl group
give increases ability to cross blood brain barrier
in smokeable form reaches brain faster and effects are felt right away very intense
meth also has stronger effects on CNS
associated with paranoia, hallucinations, strokes, brain damage, intense withdrawal
Term
clinical uses (historically) for amphetmine
Definition
first clinical was Benzedrine, which was an inhaler for bronchitis is the 30s-40s
Dextroamphetamine (dexedrine)- appetite suppressant (anorectic) and also for narcolepsy
during WWI pilots used it to stay awake
Term
Anorectic
Definition
changing the food regulator area in the brain, which is controlled by neuropeptides,
tricks the brain into thinking it doesnt have to eat
Term
why would you use amphetamines for ADHD
Definition
ADHD stems from an increased level of dopamine in the synapse
which impairs focus amongst background noise
the amp recalibrates the brain by increasing dopamine levels on receptor and decreases dopamine in the synapse so patients can focus
Term
methylphenidate
Definition
ritaline or concerta
Term
amphetamine
Definition
adderall
Term
methamphetamine
Definition
desoxyn
Term
what is khat where is it found
Definition
found Arabian Peninsula
widely used in Yemen
botanical plant
usally used in tea or chewed on
active ingredient is cathinone
Term
how does MDMA affect the brain in terms of damage
Definition
increasing activity of serotonin (regulation of mood, sleep, pain, emotion, appetite)
dopamine (reward)
norepinephrine (SNS)
causes greater serotonin release and lesser dopamine
repeated use leads to holes in brain
heart failure, liver failure, potential brain damage, depression anxiety
Term
treament for smoking
Definition
behavioral strategies ( helping cope with stressful situations by replacing smoking)
nicotin replacement (gum or patch)
drug treatments ( wellburtin/ chatnix reduce cravings)
all work better when combined
Term
treatments for cocaine
Definition
vaccine that binds up active drug, prohibiting full effect of drug ( very experimental)
Term
treatments of alcohol
Definition
aa treatment
drug treatment ( disulfiram, naltrexone)
alcoholism tends to stem from sociocultural and psych factors, and biological
young men inherit alcoholic gene from their fathers more easily than anyone else
Term
treatments for amphetamines/ meth
Definition
methadone pills to wean the addict off the drug by producing a similar but greatly diminished effect
Term
smokers controlling the drug delivery of nicotine via smoking behavior
Definition
people change their smoking behavior unknowingly based on the neurophysiology of the brain to accommodate nicotine levels in plasma
puff by puff delivery
Term
process of alcohol oxidized/ metabolized
Definition
alcohol intake
alcohol dehydrogenase (1st enzyme break down alc.)
acetaldehyde (sickness)
aldehyde dehydrogenas (2nd enzyme to break down acetaldehyde)
acetic acid
oxygen, carbon dioxide, calories

dehydrogenases are the enzymes that break down alc and acet to its final product of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term
fullness of stomach, metabolism and concentration of alcohol all can influence metabolism how?
Definition
high concentration are absorbed quicker and make you drunk faster
liver cant matabolize it that quick (1-1.5 oz/hr of 80 proof)
10% absorbed in stomach, 90% in small intestine
drinking on a full stomach slows metabolism because stomach and liver focus on food first
lowering acetaldehyde levels
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