Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Drugs and Behavior Final
N/A
59
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
11/15/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What are the specific cannabis drugs we talked about?
Definition

Cannibidiol and THC

 

CBD has the medical effects but not the ones that get you "stoned."

 

THC is the main mind altering compound.

Term
What are the endogeonous cannabanoids we talked about?
Definition
Annadamide and 2AG
Term
What are the effects of cannabis?
Definition
  • Hunger
  • Analgesia
  • Lethargy
  • Anxiety
  • Cancer
  • Psychotic episodes
Term
What is the mechanism of cannabis?
Definition
It is a retrograde NT that acts on the heteroreceptor to inhibit NT release from the presynaptic cell
Term
Can there be tolerance in cannabis?
Definition
In animals we have seen downregulation of receptors, but no evidence is apparent in humans.
Term
Does sensitization exist with cannabis?
Definition

It's not quite clear, but maybe at a subjective level.

 

It could be that people are more efficient at taking the drugs, as well as there are environmentals that may play a role.

Term
Does cannabis affect sleep?
Definition
We have seen changes in the sleep architecture when using cannabis.
Term
What are the four DSM disorders for cannabis?
Definition
  1. Cannabis Use Disorder
  2. Cannabis Intoxication
  3. Cannabis Withdrawal
  4. Unspecified Cannabis-Related Disorder
Term
What is cannabis use disorder?
Definition
A probematic pattern of cannabis use leading to clinically significant impairment or stress.
Term
What is cannabis withdrawal?
Definition
Various mood and behavioral symptoms (e.g., decreased appetite, irratibility, lack of sleep, etc.) associated with the seized use of cannabis.
Term
Why don't endogeonous cannabanoids cause a natural high?
Definition
They break down very quickly, so they don't trigger CB1 receptors very long.
Term
What is synthetic cannabis?
Definition

"A chemical sprayed on plants"

 

Don't really know what is in half of them. They are not safe at all and are perceived as similar to cannabis, but aren't really.

 

They cause A LOT of hospital visits every year.

 

They kill people through the gag reflex.

Term
What are the symptoms of depression in the DSM-V?
Definition
  • Depressed mood
  • Diminished interest or pleasure in activities
  • Weight loss/gain
  • Insomnia/hypersomnia
  • Psychomotor aggetation/retardation
  • Fatigue
  • Thoughts of worthlessness or guilt
  • Diminished ability to think and concentrate
  • Thoughts of death/suicidal ideation
Term
When were the first generation antidepressants made? Which ones are they?
Definition

Around the 60's.

 

  • MAOI: monoamine oxidase inhibitors; not prescribed very often anymore and have bad side effects
  • TCAs: tricyclic antidepressants (still used sometimes)
Term
What are the second generation antidepressants?
Definition
SSRIs
Term
What are the 3rd generation antidepressants?
Definition
Atypicals (have mixed mechanisms of action)
Term
What is the efficacy of most antidepressants?
Definition

60-70% show some symptom relief

 

28-50% show full symptom relief

Term
What are they "key" side effects that each kind of antidepressant produces?
Definition
  • Weight gain
  • Dry mouth
  • Dizziness
  • Constepation
  • Insomnia
  • Sexual Dysfunction
Term
What are the harmful effects of MAOI's?
Definition

It increases blood pressure if tyramine-rich foods are eaten (e.g., chocolate, beer, wine, pickled herring, etc.).

 

This can cause death

Term
What are the harmful effects of TCAs?
Definition
They can lower the seizure threshold. These are the most likely to cause death due to overdose.
Term
What are the harmful effects of SSRIs?
Definition
They can produce serotonin syndrome: disorientation, agitation, fever, diarrhea, and impaired coordination.
Term
What is the MOA of MAOIs?
Definition
MAO is an enzyme in the cytoplasm that breaks down NTs. MAOIs inhibit it so that more NTs are available.
Term
What is the MOA of TCAs?
Definition
The molecule has 3 phenyl rings and blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT at the NT transporters
Term
What is the MOA of SSRIs?
Definition

They block reuptake of 5-HT at the transporter. Because it's selective, it has fewer side effects and is safer than the others. 

 

It is not anymore effective though.

Term
What is the MOA of atypicals?
Definition
Variable mechanisms of action, each effect different NTs at different locations.
Term
Can you build tolerance to antidepressants?
Definition
It is unclear. There is no evidence to support it any specific way.
Term
Can there be withdrawal from antidepressants?
Definition

Yes and it is very severe and creates problematic symptoms. Antidepressant dosage needs to be gradually lowered over time.

 

It can produce restlessness, chills, anxiety, and delusions.

Term
What's the placebo effect like for antidepressants?
Definition
The placebo's "efficacy" is just below the effectiveness of drugs/psychotherapy.
Term
What are the + symptoms of schizophrenia?
Definition
Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech/actions
Term
What are the - symptoms of schizophrenia?
Definition
Catatonic behavior, flattened affect
Term
What are the cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia?
Definition
Defecits in working memory, attention, organizational ability
Term
What are the typical drugs?
Definition

They were developed first. They treat only the positive symptoms.

 

  • Chlorpromazine (thorazine)
  • Haloperidol (Haldol)
Term
What are the atypical drugs?
Definition

They were developed 70's or later. They can sometimes treat negative symptoms, but usually treat only positive.

 

  • Clozapine (clozaril)
  • Risperidone (Risperdal)
Term
What are the side effects of typical schizo drugs?
Definition

Extrapyramidal symptoms

 

Weight gain

Term
Are antipsychotics safe?
Definition
There is no death due to OD possible, so yes. There is however agranulocytosis in Clozapine (a loss of white blood cells) and trouble regulation body temperature with all of them.
Term
What is the MOA of antipsychotics?
Definition

They block postsynaptic metabotropic dopamine receptors.

 

Typicals: D2

Atypicals: D3, D4

Term
What is the DA theory of schizophrenia?
Definition

Symptoms seen in schizophrenia are a result of excessive DA transmission, so blocking it should reduce them.

 

 

Drugs that affect DA also induce psychosis.

Term
How are antipsychotics in terms of abuse, dependence and addiction?
Definition
  • They're not pleasurable to take, so they're not abused.
  • Tolerance does not typically develop.
  • Withdrawal can occur, but it's usually mild.
Term
What are  some examples of opioids?
Definition
Morphine, oxycontin, opium, codein (all four are analgesics), heroin (no medical used), methadone (treats addiction)
Term
What are the bodily effects of opioids?
Definition
  • Analgesia
  • Coughing inhibition
  • Small pupils
  • Constipation
  • Respiratory center suppression
Term
What are the mood and behavioral effects of opioids?
Definition
Positive feelings and euphoria followed by depression
Term
What are the harmful effects of opioids?
Definition
  • Convlusions
  • Cancer (interfere with normal DNA repair mechanisms)
  • Spread of haptitis and HIV through needles
Term
What is the MOA for opioids?
Definition

They bind to the mu, kappa, or delta opioid receptors on either PRE OR POST cells. They are ALL metabotropic.

 

They mimic the endogeonous molecules.

 

The analgesic pathway is throughout the pariaqueductal gray and spinal cord.

Term
Are opioids addictive?
Definition

Yes! They are very addictive. The cause a large increase in DA in the reward pathway indirectly.

 

They bind to the GABAergic neurons and decrease GABA release onto DA cells, causing an increase in DA release.

Term
Can you develop tolerance to opioids?
Definition

Yes, tolerance develops rapidly to most effect. Constriction of pupils and constipation are the only effects that are unchanged.

 

Cross-tolerance also exists.

Term
Are there withdrawal effects to opioids?
Definition
Plenty
 
  • Chills, jerky breathing, deep sleep, cramping, vomiting, and diarrhea
  • Yawning
  • Increased heart rate and pulse
  • Goose bumps and muscle cramps

However, withdrawal is not as dangrous as withdrawal from alcohol or barbiturates, it's just uncomfortable

Term
What is used to treat opioid addiction?
Definition

Methadone.

 

It mimics the drug, but last longer and does not peak as intensely. It's easier to reduce the dose over time, or people can just use it in place of the opioid. It's safe.

Term
How do most people get addicted to opioids?
Definition
Not by being prescribed them, but by getting them through someone who once was.
Term
What are some specific examples of hallucinogens, phantasticants, and club drugs (HPCs)? Which four did we specifically talk about?
Definition
  • LSD
  • Psilocybin
  • Ecstasy
  • Mescaline, Peyote
  • PCP
  • Ketamine
  • Salvia
  • Dextromethorphan
  • GHB
  • Mephedrone
Term
Where is LSD made from?
Definition
Lysergic acid, which is found in fungus/ergot that grows on grains.
Term
What are the effects of LSD?
Definition
  • Hallucinations (LSD IS THE MOST POTENT)
  • Perceived insight
  • Increased appreciation for art and music
  • Acute psychosis
  • Psychedelic crisis (unpleasant)
  • Flashbacks (Hallucinogen persisting perception disorder, very rare)
Term
What are the effects of psilocybin?
Definition
  • Spiritual experiences
  • Dysphoria
  • Anxiety
  • Headache
Term
What is the MOA of psilocybin?
Definition
Same as LSD, agonizes 5-HT2a receptors
Term
What are the effects of MDMA?
Definition
  • Euphoria and/or sense of well being
  • Sociability
  • Increase in wakefulness, endurance
  • Sharpened sensory perception
  • Hyponatraemia
  • Hyperthermia
  • With chronic use:
    • Sleep disorders
    • Anxiety
    • Impulsiveness
    • Hostility
    • Memory impairment
Term
What is the MOA of MDMA?
Definition
  • It is taken up through the 5-HT transporters and "interferes" with 5-HT storage (not letting it get packaged into vesicles), making much more serotonin readily available to be released.
Term
Is there tolerance to MDMA?
Definition
Very rapid, acute tolerance to effects.
Term
What is ketamine?
Definition

A dissociative anesthetic.

 

Patients are "awae but appear disconnected from their environment."

Term
What are the effects of ketamine?
Definition
  • Profound anesthesia
  • Amnesia for events that occur while under the influence of the drug

 

It has a very high therapeutic index

Term
What is the MOA of ketamine?
Definition
It is an NMDA receptor antagonist. This blocks glutamate action and can indirectly increase DA release.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!