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Drugs and Behavior Exam 2
Drugs and Behavior Exam 2
95
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
10/24/2010

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Term
Cocaine Other Names
Definition
Coke, Dust, Snow, Yayo, Blow, Powder
Term
History of Cocaine
Definition
5000 years in Bolivia and Peru
Coca leaves chewed by Incas
Alfred Nieman extracted active ingredients (1850s)
Sigmund Freud popularized cocaine
Term
Cocaine in 1900s
Definition
Prescribed to morphine addicts
1906 - 1/2 as many users in US as in '76
1906 - Food and Drug Act
1914 - Harrison Narcotics Act
1930 - Cocaine disappeared
1985 - Crack uses exploded
Term
Food and Drug Act (1906)
Definition
Cocaine content had to be listed in products
Term
Harrison Narcotic Act (1914)
Definition
Cocaine required prescription
Term
Amphetamine History
Definition
1930 - used to treat many illnesses
1965 - FDA given authority to regulate dist. and manuf.
1970s - avail. from illegal manuf.
1980s - use declined but is now back up
Term
Meth Forms
Definition
Meth is more potent than d-amp, which is more potent than l-amp
Term
D-amphetamine
Definition
Used as an RX for ADHD, narcolepsy and obesity
Pure d-amp = crystal meth, ice, crank
Term
Crystal Meth (d-amp)
Definition
Smoked b/c of purity
Started in West and moved East
Dangerous to make
Term
Combat Meth Epidemic Act (2006)
Definition
All products containing ephedrine and pseudophedrine sold OTC
Must sign log, be over 18, limited quantity
Term
Routs of Admin.
Definition
Oral - amp = good; cocaine = bad
Intranasally - cocaine = good; amp = painful
Intravenous - both very effective
Term
Duration of Action of Cocaine/Amp
Definition
Cocaine - oral = 2-3 min., peak in 15-20; duration = less than an hour
Amphetamine = oral = 30 min, peak in 2-3 hours, duration - 10-12 hours
Term
Cocaine and Neurotransmission
Definition
Primary: DA and NE
Some influence on 5HT
Blocks reuptake and inhibits MAO
Term
Amphetamine and Neurotransmission
Definition
Stimulates release of DA and NE
Blocks reuptake of DA and NE
Term
Cocaine Biotransformation and Excretion
Definition
Bio: bloodstream
Ex: kidneys
Term
Amphetamine Biotransformation and Excretion
Definition
Bio: liver
Ex: kidneys
Term
Effects of Cocaine and Amphetamine
Definition
Increased HR, Increased BP, Increased RR, Pupil dilation, Changes in bloood flow, Increased sweating
Term
Stimulant Effects
Definition
Insomnia, Anorexia, Mood elevation, Alertness and arousal, Sexual effects (increased interest, men impotence)
Term
Low doses Major Stimulants Effects
Definition
Increased arousal and alertness, improve performance on simple tasks, produce mild euphoria, increase sex drive
Term
High Doses of Major Stimulant Effects
Definition
Intense feeling of euphoria, hyperactivity, reptitive behaviors, manic, severe crash after drug wears off
Term
Side Effects of Major Stimulants
Definition
Stimulant psychosis, euphoria turns to paranoid delusion, tactile and auditory hallucinations, disrupted associative thinking, aggressive, formication (bugs crawling on skin)
Term
Toxicity of Major Stimulants
Definition
Heart attack or cerebral hemorrhage (stroke), severe depression leads to suicide, may induce seizures with resp. paralysis
Term
Tolerance of Major Stimulants
Definition
Decrease NT stores and receptor down regulation, induces depression, appetite supression develops rapid tolerance
Term
Stimulant Neurotoxicity
Definition
10X-50X normal street dose, depletes DA and degenerates DA terminals
Term
Dependence of Major Stimulants
Definition
Moderate for occasional use via oral or intranasal route, IV or smoking = severe dependence potential
Term
Khat
Definition
Cathinone = active ingredient
Chewed
Synthetic Version = meth-cathinone
Term
Betel Nut
Definition
Arecoline = active ingredient
Cholinergic agonist
Not a high abuse potential
Term
Ephedrine
Definition
Herbal Tea
Isolated in 1920s
Bronchodilator for asthma
Structure similar to epinephrine
Term
Caffeine
Definition
Most common drug in world, belongs to methylxanthines
Term
History of Caffeine
Definition
Tea dates back to 2737 B.C., Chinese legend
Coffee cultivated in Ethiopia in 575 A.D.
Primarily used as religious drinks but eventually became very important in world commerce and development
Term
History of Coffee
Definition
1st coffee house in Constantinople in 1554
England - London = 2000 coffee houses by 1700
Primary commodity of European colonies
Term
History of Tea
Definition
Used in China for thousands of years before going East
Medicinal Use for headaches and keep awake during prayer
1st brought to England in 1657
1773 - East India Tea Company allowed to sell tea to American colonies tax free and bypass American merchants - Boston Tea Party resulted
Term
Sources of Methylxanthines
Definition
Natural: coffee, tea, chocolate, Kola nut
Synthetic: cola, pharmaceuticals
Tea has 1/2 caffeine content but theophylline which is more potent than caffeine
Term
Route of Caffeine Administration
Definition
Oral from beverages or medications
Term
Physiological Effects of Caffeine
Definition
Mood, alertness, task performance, blood pressure, heart rate, sleep cycle, anxiety, appetite suppression, nociception
Term
Mechanisms of Action
Definition
Some block of GABA receptors
Effects are mediated by blockade of adenosine receptor (neuromodulator) which modulate effects of other NT (inhibitory NM)
Modulates NE, DA, ACh, Gluta, and GABA
Leads to increased Ca in axon terminal
Term
CNS Effects of Caffeine
Definition
Normal doses: alertness, sustained attention, faster thought, reduced fatigue, arithmetic may be impaired
Heavy doses: agitation, anxiety, tremors, panting, and insomnia
Term
PNS Effects of Caffeine
Definition
Coronary artery dilator and bronchodilation, increase HR, constricts cerebral arteries, acts as diuretic
Term
Side Effects of Caffeine
Definition
Indigestion, papitations, tremor, insomnia, conflicting data on reproductive effects, osteoporosis, cholesterol increases
Term
Toxicity
Definition
Caffeinism: 10 cups or more a day
Cardiac arrhtymias = 10-20 grams
Lethal dose = 10 grams
Term
Caffeine Dependence
Definition
Dependence producing
Withdrawal effects due to increased adenosine receptor density and increased adenosine sensitivity
Withdrawal = not fatal but includes depression, fatigue, irritability, muscle aches, head aches
Term
History of Tobacco
Definition
Smoking among early Mayans as part of religious ceremonies
Europeans 1st exposure was from Colombus - not well thought of at first
Raleigh led to fashion of pipe smoking (1560)
King James 1 (1604) condemns tobacco
1700s Russia = penalties for smoking
1800s tobacco here to stay - use as medicine
1828 - Nicotine isolated
1850s - cigarettes appear
Term
Tobacco Use in 20th Century
Definition
Favored cigarettes over other usage
Public health issues of infectious disease
Cigarettes in WWI
Term
Tobacco and Nicotine Use in US
Definition
1925 - 14 states banned smoking
1938 - study links smoking and cancer
1964 - 1st SG report advised smoking shortens life expectancy
2000 - worldwide increase continues
Term
Forms of Nicotine
Definition
Smokeable = cigarettes, pipe, cigar, hookah; Leaf = chewing and dip; Snuff = powdered; Transdermal Patch
Term
Snuff
Definition
Tobacco ground into fine powder, inhaled through nose
1700s snuff exceeded smoking as method of choice
Term
Chewing Tobacco
Definition
In US snuff replaced by chew
Freed hands for work
Low cost
"Spitting" = major cause of TB spread, nasty habit
Term
Cigar Smoking
Definition
Tight rolls of tobacco leaves
Flue-curing = process of heating tobacco leaves; NC = #1 grower
Term
Cigarettes
Definition
Not popular in US unitl cigarette-making machine produced
Nicotine in 1 cig = 8-10mg
Smoking delivers 1-3mg of nicotine (depends on technique of user)
Term
Nicotine Actions
Definition
Stimulates NE release - sympathomimetic
Mimics ACh-Nicotinic Receptors
Dopamine?
Term
Nicotine Pharmacology
Definition
Biphasic Actions: low = agonist, high = antagonist
Stimulant, but often used to relax
Works in CNS and PNS
One of most toxic, dependence-producing psycoactive compounds overall
LD50 = 60mg
Can't happen via inhalation, activates vomiting center and metabolizes through liver
Term
Pharmacokinetics of Nicotine
Definition
Rapidly distributed through bloodstream and through BBB
Takes about 7s to reach brain when smoked
Half life = 2 hours
Metabolized in liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes
Term
Peripheral Effects of Nicotine
Definition
Sympathetic: Increases HR, BP, RR
Parasympathetic: Increases smooth muscle activity, increases HCl production in stomach
Term
Central Effects of Nicotine
Definition
Arousal, Improves vigilance and rapid info processing, improves mental performance and memory, stimulates adrenalin release, may reverse some deficits by alcohol
Term
Biotransformation/Excretion of Nicotine
Definition
Broken down by lung and liver
Lowers blood levels of many other drugs
Excreted through kidneys
Lungs do some excretion
Term
Tolerance
Definition
Develops rapidly
Dispositional Tolerance - some smokers clear nicotine faster
Term
Dependence
Definition
One of most dependence-producing drugs
Pharmacology - stimulates reward center influences ANS
Function = Weight control, coping with negative affect/stress, cognitive enhancement
Social Factors - friends, habit,context
Term
Withdrawal Symptoms of Nicotine
Definition
Lethargy, decreased arosal, constipation, headaches, disrupted sleep cycles, irritability/anxiety, excessive hunger, depression
Term
Tar
Definition
Amount varies from 12-16 mg
Last 1/3 of cig contains 50% of tar
Prevents cillia from working, decreases cillia escalator
Increases carinogens compounds to settle on tissues
Term
Carbon Monoxide
Definition
Odorless,tasteless, but extremely toxic
Attaches to hemoglobin - leads to asphyxiation
Term
Cigarettes and Health
Definition
Lung and other Cancers, CHD, emphysema, passive smoking
Term
History of Alcohol Use
Definition
6000 B.C = Use started
Earliest References are in China in 1000 B.C.
Europe doesn't have any record until 800 A.D.
Early America viewed alcohol as positive, after American Revolution saw alcohol as active agent of evil
19th century - saloons expanded westard opening of saloons led to temperance movement which died down during Civil War
Term
18th Amendment
Definition
Banned sale of alcohol - took effect 1920
Term
21st Amendment
Definition
Repealed 18th Amendment in 1933
Term
Alcohol Prevalance
Definition
90% ever drank
65% current drinker
10-20% alcohol abuse
5-15% dependence
Term
Amethst Initiative
Definition
Movement calling for reconsideration of US drinking age laws
Wanted to increase drinking age up from 21
Term
Alcohol Sites of Action
Definition
CNS depressant
Enhances GABA effect
High doses blocks effects of glutamate
Affects DA,5HT, ACh neurons
Term
Alcohol Absoption
Definition
Some in stomach, but most in small intestine
Slower if food or water in stomach
Faster in prevalance of carbonated beverages
Term
Alcohol Distribution
Definition
BAC: measured in g/100 ml
Distributed throughout body fluids
Less distributed in fatty tissues
Term
One Drink
Definition
.5 ounces of pure alcohol
12-oz. beer
4 oz. wine
1 oz. 100 proof spirits
Term
Alcohol Gender Differences
Definition
Women more Susceptible to men because stomach enzyme that metabolizes is more active in men, women absorb greater proportion of what they drink
Women weigh less and have higher body fat
Term
Alcohol Metabolism
Definition
90% in liver
2% alcohol is excreted unchanged
"Asian flush"
Only time sobers you
Term
Biphasic Effects of Alcohol
Definition
Ascending = activity, talkativeness, positive mood
Descending = sedation, sleepiness, perception one is "sober"
Term
Tolerance
Definition
Acute: effects of BAC is greater when curve is rising rather than descending
Chronic: tends to drink greater amounts to get the intended effect
Cross Tolerance: leads to tolerance in other depressants like benzos, barbs, general anesthesia, GHB
Term
Dependence on Alcohol
Definition
Phase 1: few hours afer stopped drinking
Phase 2: 24 hours - severe seizures
Phase 3: 30 hours can last 3-4 days - DTs, high body temp., hallucinations, high HR
Term
Physiological Effects of Alcohol
Definition
Peripheral Circulation - dilation of blood vessels
Fluid Balance: diuretic effect
Hormonal Effects
Disruption of sleep patters: suppresses REM
Impaired Memory
Hangover: mini-withdrawal
Term
Effects of Chronic Drinking
Definition
Brain tissue loss, fatty liver, hepatitis, cirrohsis, heart disease, hypertension, stroke, cancer, impaired immunity
Term
History of Opium
Definition
Poppy native to many regions - dates back to Sumerians (6000 B.C.)
1680 - Primary consuption of opium as drink
1700s - opium smoking in China
1729 - China made opium laws against use
Females used more often than males
1875 - San Francisco outlawed
Term
Opiates
Definition
Alkaloids found in opium poppy
Term
Opioids
Definition
Compounds with opiate-like actions (synthetic endogenous opioids)
Term
Forms of Opiates
Definition
Opium - paste derived directly from plant, smoked or consumed orally
Term
Morphine and West
Definition
1803 - Morphine separated from opium
1856 - dependence of needle
1874 - morphine altered into heroin
Term
Harrison Act of 1914
Definition
No ban on opiates, but had to register with IRS
Users seen as weak
Heroin became drug of choice in black market and among white ubran males
Term
Opiates in Use Today
Definition
Fentanyl "China White" - surgical anesthetic, 10,000X stronger than heroin
Heroin = Schedule 1
Morphine = Schedule 2
Vast majority of therapeutic opiates are synthetic
Term
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of Opiates
Definition
Effective nasally and through lungs
Frequently smoked
Heroin snorted, most effective IV
Prescription opiates meant for oral route, but often snorted and injected
Heroin more lipid soluble, so penetrates BBB better - converted to morphine after crossing over BBB
Term
Mechanism of Action
Definition
Act via endogenous opiate system
1973 - discovery of opiate receptors in brain
Led to discovery of endorphins in 1975
Term
Medical Use of Opiates
Definition
Analgesia
Sedation - poor in general
Anti-diarrheal agents
Term
Side Effects of Opiates
Definition
Cardiovascular effects; pinpoint pupil; resetting of body temp., lowers by 1 degree; sex hormones inhibited; vomiting; bilary constriction; respiratory depression (decrease sens. to CO2, most common cause of death)
Term
Opiate Overdose
Definition
Respiratory Failure - can be reversed by admin of NARCAN - causes immediate withdrawal
Term
Opiate Tolerance and Dependence
Definition
Develops fast with repeated use, cross-tolerance based on receptor affinity; neuroadaptation leads to dependence
Term
Tolerance Complications of Opiates
Definition
Difficult to get pain relief if injured, anethesia risk, learned tolerance leads to craving and withdrawal
Term
Opiate Withdrawal
Definition
Runny nose/sneezing/tearing; goosebumps; nausea and diarrhea; spastic movements in arms and legs; spontaneous erection/orgasm; potentially fatal
Term
Chronic Effects of Opiates
Definition
Reduced ability to get pain relief
Weakening of tooth enamel
Infection from poor drug admin. and personal neglect
Term
Methadone Maintenance
Definition
Used as replacement for heroin and other opiates in in dependent individ. - longer half-life, less intense effects, only taken orally, cheap
However, can take months to clear all withdrawal symptoms
Reduces criminal behavior, lessens severity of withdrawal, problem of polydrug use
Term
Buprenorphine
Definition
Partial Agonist
Managed by physician, taken sublingually
Bridges gap between methadone and nothing or used long term
Supporting users have an ad free experience!