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Dr. Leone EXAM 3
Dispositional strategy
107
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
10/23/2013

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Term
disposition
Definition
a tendency to behave in a certain way over time and across situations
Term
the theory of the four temperaments
Definition
theory of personality proposed by hippocrates that predicts personality types by four humours (blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phelgm) that correspond with the four elements
Term
extraversion
Definition
the personality dimension that differentiates people according to their tendency to be socially outgoing
Term
neuroticism
Definition
the personality dimension that includes a disposition towards unrealistic fear and emotional instability
Term
enduring dispositions
Definition
permanent inherent elements of personality
Term
disposition
Definition
tendency to behave in a particular way over time and across situations
Term
states
Definition
temporary personality condition
Term
heuristic realism
Definition

the belief that people really have traits

Gordon Allport, founder

Term
lexical approach
Definition
determining the importance of a disposition based on the frequency with which it appears in ordinary language
Term
theoretical approach
Definition
determining the importance of dispositions by looking to a particular theory
Term
statistical approach
Definition
determining the importance of dispositions by applying statistical procedures to data from a large group of people
Term
cardinal disposition
Definition
a trait that dominates a person's entire existence, very few people have these
Term
central disposition
Definition
a trait that manifests itself in many aspects of personality; most individuals have between three and 10 of these
Term
secondary dispositions
Definition
a trait that manifests itself only in a few areas of personality
Term
nomothethic-idiographic distribution
Definition

thinking of traits as characteristics that allow comparison of one person with another

VS

to think of traits as characteristics that are unique to a person and do not invite or even permit comparison with others

Term
common traits
Definition
dispositions that allow direct trait comparisons across people
Term
patterned individuality
Definition
the assumption that each person has a unique inner organization of motives, traits, and personal style
Term
individual traits
Definition
those important charcteristics of the individ. that do not lend themselves to comparisons across persons
Term
types
Definition
broad grouping of personality characteristics that tend to co-occur
Term
type A behavior pattern
Definition
  • pattern of responding characterized by a high drive coupled with a continuous rush to meet deadlines ("hurry sickness")
  • is predictive of later heart attacks
Term
type B behavior pattern
Definition
pattern of responding characterized by an easygoing and relaxed manner
Term
hostility
Definition
the largest determining factor for type A people who have heart attAcks
Term
L data
Definition
Cattell's view of information that can be gathered from the life records of an individual
Term
Q data
Definition
Cattell's view of info about a person gathered from interviews and questionnares
Term
T data
Definition
Cattell's view of information gained from putting subject in an objective test situation without telling them in which they are being evaluated
Term
correlation coefficient
Definition
allows the evaluation of degrees of linear relationship that are less than perfect
Term
factors
Definition
relatively homogenous dimensions extracted from data using factor analysis
Term
factor loading
Definition
in factor analysis, the correlation of a particular measure w/a particular factor
Term
source traits (Cattell)
Definition
the underlying dispositions that determine behavior, often ident. by factor analysis
Term
Eysenck
Definition
  • focused on a smaller # of personality types than Cattell
  • said types are dimensions on which all persons differ
  • types like traits are normally distributed
  • hierarchical model of personality with three major factors: Pyschoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism
Term
psychoticism
Definition
the dimension of personality that includes a disposition toward psychosis and psychopathy
Term
neuroticism
Definition
the personality dimension that includes a disposition towards unrealistic fear and emotional instability
Term
"Big Five" factors in adults as compiled by Costa and McCrae
Definition

 

Agreeableness

Conscientsciousness

Culture

emotional stability

surgency

Term
substantitive descriptions
Definition
palpable, having solid mass, important, existing of its own, independent of other factors
Term
evaluative descriptions
Definition
based on value judgements or subjective worth
Term
Positive and Negative Valence
Definition

 

  • invented by Tellegen and Walker
  • Needed to be added to the big five
  • Mccrae and Costa thought they were less important than the big five
Term
personality disorders
Definition
diagnoses made when personality traits are inflexible and maladaptive, causing either significant functional impairement or subjective distress
Term
Supertraits
Definition
extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, intelligence, and conscientiousness
Term
Differences between psychoanalytic and disposit. strategies
Definition

P- clinical pop. was studied with 25% documented disorders of total pop.

D- nonclinical strategy said 75% had disorders

 

Term
rationalism
Definition
  • Went from the top down
  • Logic was in deduction
  • Freud was exemplar
  • started with constructs and came to observation
Term
Empiricism
Definition
  • Went from bottom up (no preconceptions)
  • Logic was induction
  • Exemplar was Eysenck
  • Started with constructs and moved to observations
Term
Eysenck Personality Indicator
Definition

Self report measure that included 1.) data collection

2.) Data analysis (thru a factor matrix)

3.) Data interpretation

Term
Eysenck's 2 links to Neuroticism as it related to pronness to emotional changes
Definition

Emotional lability

Emotional instability

Term
2 caveats of factor loading
Definition

1.) Output side: Interpretation is subjective 

2.) Input side: What to measure is also subjective

Term
Extroversion linked to _______
Definition
A.R.A.S(Drug use) and Academic Achievement (GPA)
Term
Information Processing as an indicator of extro/introversion
Definition
  • example of a PxS interaction, says that it depends on the task
  • said that introverts take more time with tasks and are more accurate
  • said that extroverts take less time with tasks and are less accurate
Term
Mental health as it is related to intro/extroversion
Definition
  • says that introverts are most likely to have anxiety based disorders and less likely to have sociopathic (Personality) disorders
  • says that extroverts are more likely to have sociopathic disorders(personality disorders) and less anxiety disorders
Term
concordance rate for monozygous twins (identical)
Definition
.50 due to high shared genetic code and enviroment
Term
concordance rate for dizygotic twins (fraternal)
Definition
.25 due to a partial shared genetic code and high shared environments
Term
Adoption studies
Definition

Most effective research strategy in the nature VS nurture debate

proved that genetic influence is greater than environmental influences

 

Term
Genes
Definition
Personality is not inherited, _____ are
Term
Environment
Definition
Genes set upper and lower boundaries due to the ______
Term
Passive interaction
Definition
  • Study done by Scarr and McCartney
  • said that the genes of the parent will pass to the genes of the child and dictate the phenotype of the child and the environment that the parent creates

 

Term

ARAS +arousal

VS

ARAS -arousal

Definition

"Introversion", a child acting thoughtfully and withdrawn, a parent may act calming towards the child

VS

"Extroversion," a child acting impulsive and sociable, a parent producing stimulation for the child

Term
Evocative interaction
Definition

says that as an infant, a baby's state of introversion/extroversion through either crying or smiling when being picked up can dictate exactly what they want later on in phenotypes: being left alone or socially stimulating

 

Term

F, can be influenced by the environment

EXAMPLE: Child born with normal intelligence influenced by a mother smoking crack while pregnancy (environmental infl.)

Definition
True or false: Are genes autonomous?
Term
Heritability coefficient
Definition
  • estimates of how much of the differences of extro/introversion are attributed to genetic differences
  • Statistics are a function of the sample, IE they're not carved in stone
  • Meta analysis provides a more reliable sample due to a large one
Term
Homogenous sample
Definition
Genes are greater than the environment in this type of sample
Term
heterogenous sample
Definition
Environment is more important than genes in this type of sample
Term
construct for self monitoring (Snyder)
Definition
  • showing stable individual differences
  • motivation and ability
  • regulation of nonverbal behaviors (like displays of affection or impression management)
Term
neurochemistry
Definition
chemical actions in the nervous system
Term
endomorphic (SHeldon)
Definition

plump body type with specific personality correlates 

associated with viscerotonia

Term
mesomorphic (Sheldon)
Definition

muscular body type with specific personality correlates

assoc. with somatonia

Term
ectomorphic (Frail)
Definition

frail body type with specific personality correlates

assoc. with cerebrotonia

Term
temperament traits
Definition
  • dispositions that are present at birth, stable across time, and pervasive in their influence
  • the big three are: sociability, emotionality, and activity level
Term
sometyped
Definition
procedure for assessing physique by assigning scores on three dimensions of physical characteristics (endo, meso, and ecto morphy)
Term
stabilizing selection
Definition
species with greater variability have a greater chance of surviving and reproducing in changing environments, thus variability within species is adaptive and may be favored over uniformity
Term
neuromodulators
Definition
chemical messengers of the nervous system that spread more than neurotransmitters but less globally than hormones
Term
sociobiology
Definition
the study of the evolutionary basis of social behavior
Term
reciprocal altruism
Definition
a concept from sociobiology referring to the idea that helping others increases the likelihood of recieving help when needed
Term
assortative mating
Definition
people actively choose their mates, as opposed to mating randomly with other members of the species
Term
genetic similarity theory
Definition
people actively choose their mates based on genetic similarity in order to ensure the survival of their own specific genes
Term
ease of arousal (emotional)
Definition
degree of stimulation required to elicit signs of arousal
Term
intensity of arousal
Definition
measured by the vigor of the resulting response
Term
vigor VS tempo
Definition

1.) intensity of behavior

VS

2.) speed of activities

Term
Galvanic skin response
Definition
measure of the electrical conductivity of the skin, which is influenced by stress, fear, and anxiety
Term
polygraphs
Definition
measures of multiple physiological responses of the sympathetic nervous system
Term
computed tomography and MRI's
Definition
brain imaging techniques
Term
regional cerebral blood flow
Definition
measures volume of blood flow to the cerebral cortex in order to assess metabolic activity
Term
some weaknesses of dispositional strategy
Definition
  • lack of its own theoretical concepts
  • failure to provide adequate explanations
  • inability to predict individual behaviors

 

Term
metatraits
Definition
the trait of having or not having a particular trait
Term
it's subjective
Definition
Bad thing about factor analysis...
Term
sociability
Definition
an early temperament type that appears related to the adult domain of extraversion
Term
emotionality
Definition
tendency to become physiologically aroused in response to environmental stimuli
Term
multifactorial
Definition
characteristics that result from the interaction between specific combinations of genes and environmental factors
Term
Low self monitors
Definition

Motivation: self-congruent

attention is on self

abilities not well developed

use of abilities is for self verification

stability of behavior is cross situationally consistent

Term
High self monitors
Definition
  • motivation is to be socially appropriate
  • attention is on others for social comparison
  • abilities are well developed
  • use abilities for strategic self presentation
  • stability of behavior is situationally specific
Term
More friends VS less friends
Definition
HSM vs. LSM
Term
HSM vs LSM
Definition
less close friends VS more close friends
Term
HSM vs LSM
Definition
Structure is segmented VS homogenized
Term
discriminant validity
Definition
nApproval and self monitoring have no correlations, thus they show __________
Term
High self monitors
Definition
  • these people tend to be:
  • positives: pragmatic
  • negatives: wishy washy
  • Good v. bad: operating on extreme ends of norm: either anti-social or pro-social
Term
LSM
Definition
  • these people tend to be:
  • positive: principled
  • negative: rigid
  • good v. bad: dispositions are either nurturant or hostile
Term
social support
Definition
LSM's turn to ____ to remedy depression
Term
mood enhancement
Definition
HSM's turn to ____ to remedy depression
Term
failure in impression management
Definition
this is the cause of depression in HSM's
Term
failure to be themselves
Definition
this is the cause of depression in LSM's
Term
1st borns
Definition
Birth order: more likely to be LSM's
Term
2nd born
Definition
Birth order: more likely to be HSM's
Term
behavioral inhibition system
Definition
deters goal-seeking behavior by alerting a person to possible danger or punishment
Term
behavioral activation system
Definition
motivates people to seek desired goals and rewards
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