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Diseases of the Respiratory System
Test 4
73
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
04/28/2013

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Term
What is Rhinitis?
Definition
The common cold.
Term
What is the causative agent of Rhinitis?
Definition
Rhinovirus. Over 100 types Cause 30-50% of common colds.
Term
Is there a fever with Rhinitis?
Definition
Not typically
Term
What is the best preventation measure of Rhinitis?
Definition
Frequent hand-washing and avoiding people with colds.
Term
What do treatments of Rhinitis effect?
Definition
The symptoms not the virus.
Term
What are the causative agents of Otitis Media and Sinusitis?
Definition
Haemophilus aegyptius, " influenzae, strep pneumo, strep pyrogenes, neisseria gonorrhoeae and s. aureus
Term
What is Otitis Media and Sinusitis?
Definition
Bacterial infections of the middle ear and sinuses
Term
What are the symptoms of otitis media?
Definition
Earache, fever, vomiting, may lead to ruptured ear drum
Term
What are the symptoms of sinusitis?
Definition
Headache, malaise, pain and pressure in sinus region with drainage that may be yellow or greenish.
Term
What are viral causes of Otitis Media and Sinusitis?
Definition
Adenoviruses and Rhinoviruses
Term
What is the causative agent of Streptococcal Pharyngitis?
Definition
Streptococcus Pyrogenes.
Term
What is a characterstic symptom of S. Pharyngitis?
Definition
Pus filled nodules on the tonsils.
Term
What can result if Strep Pharyngitis goes untreated?
Definition
Scarlet fever or rheumatic fever
Term
What is the causative agent of Adenoviral Pharyngitis?
Definition
Adenovirus
Term
How is A. Pharyngitis contracted?
Definition
inhalation of infected droplets.
Term
What is the causative agent of Diphtheria?
Definition
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Term
How does C. diphtheria infect?
Definition
Produces exotoxin that is absorbed into the blood stream causing damage to the heart, nerves and kidneys
Term
What are the characteristic symptoms of diphtheria?
Definition
Enlargement of cervical lymph nodes, and swelling of the neck. Can also form pseudomembrane which is a grayish film that forms over the pharynx and airways resulting in asphyxiation.
Term
How is diphtheria transmitted?
Definition
Direct contact with patient, carrier, or indirect contact via fomites or inhaled infectious droplets.
Term
What is the causative agent of Pertussis?
Definition
Bortadella Pertusis
Term
How does Pertussis infect?
Definition
Bordetella produces a Pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin which helps bacteria to destroy the respiratory epithelium resulting in a build up of mucus.
Term
What is the first stage of infection in Pertussis?
Definition
Catarrhal Stage. Marked by nasal drainage, congestion, sneezing, occasional coughing. Lasts 1-2 weeks.
Term
What is the second stage of infection in Pertussis?
Definition
Paraoxysmal stage. Characterized by 10-20 abrupt, hacking coughs followed by deep inspiration which gives off a whoop sounds that can occur 15x a day. Lasts 1-6 weeks.
Term
What is the third stage of infection in Pertussis?
Definition
Convalescence stage. Coughing fits decrease in length and frequency that can last for weeks to months. Can cause a secondary pneumonia
Term
What is the causative agent of Respiratory Synctial Virus?
Definition
Respiratory Syncytial Virus.
Term
How does RSV infect?
Definition
Enters the respiratory tract and causes cells to fuse together creating a syncytia. The cells will die and slough off causing secondary infections.
Term
What are the symptoms of RSV?
Definition
barking cough and dusty skin color.
Term
Is there a vaccine for RSV?
Definition
Yes an immunoglobulin vaccine that is approved for use on premies.
Term
Who does RSV effect primarily?
Definition
Infants and young children.
Term
What is the causative agent of Influenza?
Definition
Type A virus because its ability to undergo antigenic drifts and shifts that allow it to evade the hosts defenses
Term
What is the primary virulence factor Type A influenza?
Definition
Hemagglutinin which is a component of the viral envelope which helps it attach to the host cell.
Term
What are deaths associated with the flu primarily caused by?
Definition
Not the influenza virus but the secondary infections caused by S. Aureus and S. Pyogenes
Term
Is type B influenza more or less severe? type c?
Definition
Both less. A > B > C
Term
How is the flu treated?
Definition
Tamiflu not antivirals
Term
What is the causative agent of tuberculosis?
Definition
Acid fast + Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.
Term
Who is most resistant to M. Tuberculosis?
Definition
Humans
Term
Only ___% of those infected with M. Tuberculosis show symptoms.
Definition
5
Term
Untreated TB progesses?
Definition
Slowly
Term
How is the disease contracted?
Definition
Inhalation of droplets
Term
What is the first stage of tuberculosis?
Definition
Primary. Asmyptomatic may have slight fever. Macrophages attack bacteria but it continues to multiply within the macrophage (bc of mycolic acid) until it explodes. This causes a Type IV hypersensitivity which attracts lymphocytes and more macrophages to the area which walls off the bacteria and contains it within a tubercle. Bacteria can survive in tubercle for for many years.
Term
Can people recover completely from Primary TB?
Definition
Yes, most recover fully.
Term
What is the second stage of TB?
Definition
Results when dormant cells become reactivated within the lungs during an immunosupressed state. Bacteria multiply and spread to other parts of the respiratory tract.
Term
What are symptoms of secondary TB?
Definition
Violent dry coughing, green/bloody sputum, fever, weight loss, extreme fatigue, night sweats, chest pain.
Term
What is disseminated TB?
Definition
Infected macrophages carry the bacterium to various body parts where they are released. Most often urinary, reproductive, nervous, skeletal systems. Formation of tubercles in the infected structures.
Term
What causes Pneumococcal Pneumonia?
Definition
Strep pneumo
Term
What is the primary virulence factor of strep pneumo?
Definition
Capsule. Some strains produce their own antibodies
Term
What are the symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia?
Definition
Painful breathing, fluid collection in air sacs, sputum with blood and pus.
Term
What are complications of pnuemococcal pneumonia?
Definition
Pleurisy, septicemia, endocarditis, meningitis
Term
What is the causative agent of Klebsiella Pneumonia?
Definition
Klebsiella Pneumoniae. Enterobacterium.
Term
What is the primary cause of nosocomial infections?
Definition
Klebsiella Pneumoniae.
Term
What are the symptoms of Klebsiella Pneumonia?
Definition
Chills and red gelatinous sputum
Term
What is the causative agent of Mycoplasmal Pneumonia?
Definition
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae.
Term
What is the leading cause of pneumonia is college students and is also common among military recruits?
Definition
Mycoplasmal Pneumonia
Term
What is M. Pneumonia referred to as?
Definition
Walking pneumonia
Term
What is special about Mycoplasma Pneumoniae?
Definition
lacking a cell wall
Term
What is the causative agent of Legionaire's Disease?
Definition
Legionella Pneumoniae
Term
If left untreated, what can Legionaire's Disease cause?
Definition
pneumonia and untimely death
Term
Where is L. Pneumoniae found?
Definition
Warm natural waters.
Term
What is L. Pneumoniae's virulence factor?
Definition
Resists heating, cooling, and some chlorines
Term
What is the causative agent of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
Definition
Sin Nombre Viruses
Term
Is there person-to-person transition with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
Definition
No. Zoonosis.
Term
How is Hantavirus PS transmitted?
Definition
Contact with rat/mouse feces.
Term
What are the symptoms of the Hantavirus PS?
Definition
INflammation of capillary walls in lungs, and ultimately shock and death within 5-6 days about 40% of the time
Term
What is cocidiodamycosis also known as?
Definition
Valley fever
Term
What is the causative agent of Coccidiodamycosis?
Definition
Coccidioides immitis.
Term
Where is cocciodioides immitis found?
Definition
dust and soil
Term
What is Histoplasmosis known as?
Definition
Spelunker's Disease
Term
What is the most common fungal respiratory disease?
Definition
Histoplasmosis
Term
What is the causative agent of histoplasmosis?
Definition
Histoplasma capsulatum
Term
For Histoplasmosis, spores are more widespread and tend to be found in soils contaminated by bird or bat droppings. T or F?
Definition
T
Term
What is the causative agent of Pneumocystis Pneumonia? Where is it found?
Definition
Pneumocystis jiroveci. An opportunistic pathogen found in the lungs of most people.
Term
What is the life-threatening form of pneumonia seen primarily in immunocompromised individuals?
Definition
Pneumocystis Pneumonia
Term
What are the symptoms of P. Pneumonia?
Definition
Shortness of breath, rapid breathing, fever, cough, dusky skin color.
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