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Disease Detectives
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113
Biology
Professional
01/30/2016

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Term
Cohort Study
Definition
A follow-up of exposed and non-exposed gorups, with a comparison of disease rates during the time covered. Uses relative risk
Term
Case-Control study
Definition
Works backward from effect or illness to suspected cause. also:retrospective comparison of exposures of persons with a disease with those of persons without a disease.Uses odds ratio.
Term
Retrospective study
Definition
A study design in which cases where individuals who had an outcome event in question are collected and analyzed after the outcomes have occurred.
Term
Incidence
Definition
The number of new cases of illness commencing, or of persons falling ill, during a specified time period in a given population.
Term
Incidence
Definition
The number of new cases of illness commencing, or of persons falling ill, during a specified time period in a given population.
Term
Prevalence
Definition
the proportion of persons with a particular disease within a given population at a given time.
Term
relative risk
Definition
the ratio of the probability of developing, in a specified period of time, an outcome among those exposed to a risk factor compared to the probability of developing the outcome if the risk factor is not present.Used in cohort study. (a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d))
Term
prospective study
Definition
A study design in which one or more groups (cohorts) of individuals who have not had the outcome event in question are monitored for the number of such events which occur over time.
Term
outbreak
Definition
(localized epidemic) – more cases of a particular disease than expected in a given area or among a specialized group of people over a particular period of time.
Term
Epidemic
Definition
large numbers of people over a wide geographic area affected.
Term
Cluster
Definition
an aggregation of cases over a particular period esp. cancer & birth defects closely grouped in time and space regardless of whether the number is more than the expected number. (often the expected number of cases is not known.)
Term
pandemic
Definition
An epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and usually affecting a large proportion of the population.
Term
Risk
Definition
The probability that an individual will be affected by, or die from, an illness or injury within a stated time or age span.
Term
Vector
Definition
an animate intermediary in the indirect transmission of an agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host. An organism that transmits the infection as a mosquito transmits the malaria protozoans
Term
Fomite
Definition
a physical object that serves to transmit an infectious agent from person to person. A comb infested with one or more head lice would be a fomite or the dust particles containing infectious cold virus that remain after droplets of infected saliva are coughed into the air.
Term
Zoonosis
Definition
An infectious disease that is transmissible from animals to humans.
Term
surveillance
Definition
The systematic, ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data. The purpose of public health surveillance is to gain knowledge of the patterns of disease, injury, and other health problems in a community so that we can work toward controlling and preventing them
Term
Koch's Postulates
Definition
1. The microorganism must be found in all cases of the disease.
2. It must be isolated from the host and grown in pure culture.
3. It must reproduce the original disease when introduced into a susceptible host.
4. It must be found in the experimental host so infected
Term
Pandemic
Definition
An epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and
usually affecting a large proportion of the population
Term
Case definition
Definition
establish with the 4 components or standard criteria for determining
who has the disease or condition
(1) Clinical information – about the disease or condition
(2) Characteristics- of the affected people
(3) Location or place- as specific as possible as restaurant, county, or several specific areas
(4) Time sequence- specific time during which the outbreak or condition occurred
Term
Epi Curve
Definition
a histogram showing
the course of the disease or outbreak to identify the source of the exposure. Must compare number of cases to time.
Term
Case report/case series
Definition
case report = detail report of a single patient from
one or more doctors while case series = characteristics of several patients
Term
Correlative studies
Definition
correlates general characteristics of the population with
health problem frequency with several groups during the same period of time
Term
Time series analysis
Definition
correlate within the same population at different
point in time
Term
Cross sectional
Definition
a survey of a population where participants are selected
irrespective of exposure or disease status
Term
Ecologic relations
Definition
correlate relative to specific ecologic factors as diet
Term
Epidemiology Triad
Definition
1.Host - person getting disease and factors of him
2.Agent - what caused the condition
3.Environment - where it occurred and how it related to spread of disease
4. Vector - transmitter of disease (Vectors aren't always considered part of the triad.)
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
the study of distribution and determinants of health-related states in specified populations, and the application of this to control health problems
Term
Classical epidemiology
Definition
population oriented, studies community origins of health problems related to nutrition, environment, human behavior, and the psychological, social, and spiritual state of a population. The event is more aimed towards this type of epidemiology.
Term
Clinical epidemiology
Definition
studies patients in health care settings in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases and the prognosis for patients already affected by a disease.
Term
What is needed to determine the cause/effect relationship?
Definition
1.Strength of association - relationship must be clear
2.Consistency - observations must be repeatable in different populations at different times
3.Temporality - the cause must precede the effect
4.Plausibility - the explanation must make sense biologically
5.Biological gradient - there must be a dose-response relationship
Term
Infectivity
Definition
capacity to cause infection in a susceptible host
Term
Pathogenicity
Definition
capacity to cause disease in a host
Term
Virulence
Definition
severity of disease that the agent causes to host
Term
Direct transmission
Definition
immediate transfer of agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread.
Term
Direct contact
Definition
occurs through kissing, skin-to-skin contact, and sexual activity
Term
Droplet spread
Definition
direct transmission by direct spray over a few feet, before droplets fall to ground.
Term
Indirect transmission
Definition
agent is carried from reservoir to a susceptible host by suspended air particles, vectors, or vehicles.
Term
Vehicles
Definition
inanimate intermediaries (objects) that carry agent. aka fomite
Term
Biological transmission
Definition
when the agent undergoes changes within the vector, and the vector serves as both an intermediate host and a mode of transmission
Term
Primary prevention
Definition
early intervention to avoid initial exposure to agent of disease preventing the process from starting
Term
Secondary prevention
Definition
during the latent stage (when the disease has just begun), process of screening and instituting treatment may prevent progression to symptomatic disease
Term
Tertiary prevention
Definition
during the symptomatic stage (when the patient shows symptoms), intervention may arrest, slow, or reverse the progression of disease
Term
Odds ratio
Definition
is calculated to evaluate the possible agents & vehicles of transmission. Used in case control ad/bc
Term
P-value
Definition
Tells whether the reuslts of the study can be used. measures how confident youa re that your findings are correct. You can only trust your findings to be correct if the p-value is less than .05. Also: p-value is the probability that your sample could have been drawn fromt he populations being tested
Term
Incubation period
Definition
time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism, or chemical or adiation, and when symptoms and signs are first apparent. Range of minutes to 30 years
Term
Point source epidemics
Definition
occur over limited, well-defined period of time. Shape of curve rises rapidly and contains definite peak followed by gradual decline
Term
Continuous common source epidemic
Definition
occurs when the exposure ot the source is prolonged over an extended period of time
Term
Propagated (progressive source) epidemic
Definition
occur when a case of diseases serve later as a source of infection for subsequent cases. shape of curve is successively larger peaks
Term
Contagious
Definition
Disease that can easily be passed along from the diseased host (ex. airborne)
Term
Etiology
Definition
Causes of a disease; study of the cause of a disease
Term
Index case
Definition
Patient zero; first identified case to get a disease
Term
Hyperendemic
Definition
A disease present at the same steady rate in a country but at a regular high number of cases
Term
Zoonosis
Definition
Disease that is passed from animal to human
Term
Vector
Definition
living thing that can indirectly pass along a disease from reservoir to host
Term
Fomite
Definition
Object (nonliving) that can indirectly transmit disease from reservoir to host (ex/ comb)
Term
Vehicle
Definition
object that can indirectly transmit from reservoir to host (vector is living fomite nonliving)
Term
Epidemic Curve
Definition
Info on number of cases and spread of a disease on a graph/histogram
Term
Line Listing
Definition
Data table with info on each patient
Term
Symptom
Definition
Indicator of disease felt by patient
Term
Sign
Definition
Indicator of disease observed by doctor
Term
Quarantine
Definition
Isolation of people who have been exposed to disease to see if they get infected
Term
Isolation
Definition
Separate of ill people from well people
Term
Carrier
Definition
A person without symptoms who harbors an infectious agent
Term
Antigen
Definition
A substance recognized as foreign by the body and triggers production of antibodies
Term
Antibody
Definition
Variety of proteins in blood that are produced in response to antigen
Term
Epizootic
Definition
Animal version of epidemic
Term
Three forms of plague
Definition
Bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic
Term
Determinant
Definition
Any factor that brings a change in health condition
Term
Bacteria
Definition
Microscopic, single-celled disease-causing agents that lack chlorophyll and nuclei
Term
Fungus
Definition
Nonmotile, filamentour organisms that can be very difficult ot cure
Term
Ecological study
Definition
Observational study that focuses on group level measurement, low cost to do since you can use census data. Cons: cannot assume group association is same as individual association, migration bias
Term
Cross-sectional study
Definition
Exposure and outcome are assessed at same time, "snapshot", cons: chicken and egg problem. Measured with prevalence
Term
John Snow
Definition
Used systematic study to end cholera outbreak, father of modern epidemiology
Term
John Gaut
Definition
Pulished political observations made upon the bills or mortality, developed stats. Made survivorship charts.
Term
Joseph Lister
Definition
Listerosis, a bacterial infection is named after him
Term
Gerhard Hansen
Definition
Identified the bacterium that causes leprosy
Term
Girolamo Fracastoro
Definition
Established four criteria to identify the causative agent of a particular disease. (ways of transmission - air, contact, clothes)
Term
Robert Koch
Definition
The first to propose a theory that these very small, unseeable particles that cause disease were alive
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
A french chemist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization
Term
Sir David Bruce
Definition
Brucellosis, a highly contagious bacterial disease named after him
Term
William Farr
Definition
A 19th century British epidemiologist, regarded as one of the founders of medical statistics
Term
Hippocrates
Definition
linked to discovery of malaria
Term
Lind
Definition
did studies of scurvy and vitamin C
Term
Three characteristics of an agent
Definition
Infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence
Term
Infectivity
Definition
Infectivity in susceptible host
Term
Pathogenicity
Definition
Capacity to cause disease in host
Term
What is Hill's Criteria of causation used for?
Definition
To determine causal relationship between factor and disease
Term
9 Hill's Criteria
Definition
Strength of association, consistency, specificity of the association, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiemental evidence, analogy
Term
Koch's 4 postulates
Definition
Pathogen must be present in all cases
Pathoge can be isolated from host and cultured
Pathogen must cause disease when inserted into healthy specimen
Pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as original pathogen
Term
Name the three components of the epidemiological triad
Definition
Agent, host, environment
Term
Name the three components of the chain of transmission triad
Definition
Agent, vector/fomite, host
Term
Three important elements of a case definition
Definition
Person, place, time
Term
List the six elements of the chain of infection
Definition
Infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host
Term
9 Hill's Criteria
Definition
Strength of association, consistency, specificity of the association, temporality, biological gradient, plausibility, coherence, experiemental evidence, analogy
Term
Koch's 4 postulates
Definition
Pathogen must be present in all cases
Pathoge can be isolated from host and cultured
Pathogen must cause disease when inserted into healthy specimen
Pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as original pathogen
Term
Name the three components of the epidemiological triad
Definition
Agent, host, environment
Term
Name the three components of the chain of transmission triad
Definition
Agent, vector/fomite, host
Term
Three important elements of a case definition
Definition
Person, place, time
Term
Agent
Definition
The disease causing entity. Can be virus, bacteria, parasite, but also environmental factor.
Term
Host
Definition
The organism in which the agent, if biological, lives and reproduces in, causing disease.
Term
Environment
Definition
How the agent and host are brought together, physical location, and time dependent.
Term
What does the epidemiological triad represent?
Definition
Agent. Host. Environment. Components needed for transmission of infectious disease.
Term
Vertical transmission
Definition
Infection passed from mother to embryo, fetus, or baby during the course of pregnancy
Term
Provide two examples of vertical transmission diseases
Definition
Toxoplasmosis, rubella, HIV, chlamydia, varicella zoster, herpes simplex 2
Term
Name the classes of agents
Definition
Virus, bacteria, parasite, protist, prion, chemical, physical, biological, potential allergens, intrinsic factors, foreign cells
Term
Give an example of an allergen agent
Definition
Food allergy, pollen
Term
Give an example of an intrinsic factor agent
Definition
Genes, congenital defect, nutrient deficiency
Term
How does population growth affect zoonosis?
Definition
More pressure on natural habitats, increased chance of exposure to wild animals, increased risk of zoonotic transmission.
Term
Sensitivity test
Definition
Testing how good the test is picking up actual positives. A/(A+C)*100
Term
Specificity test
Definition
Testing how good the test is at determining people who don't have the disease. D/(D+B)*100
Term
Positive predictive value test
Definition
Testing how accurate the positive indication is on the test. A/(A+B)*100
Term
Negative predictive value test
Definition
Testing how accurate the negative indication is on the test.
D/(D+C)*100
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