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Digestive, Neurons & Nerves & Nervous System
nervous system & digestive system
42
Biology
10th Grade
04/11/2011

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Term
Digestion
Definition
The breaking down of food into chemical substances that can be used for energy
Term
Gastrointestinal tract
Definition
The digestive tract from the mouth to the anus, including the stomach and intestines
Term
Saliva
Definition
The watery fluid that is secreted by the salivary glands of the mouth, that softens and moistens food, and that begins digestion
Term
Pharynx
Definition
The passage from the mouth to the larynx and esophagus
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
A structure that hangs at the entrance of the larynx and prevents food from entering the larynx and the trachea while swallowing
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
The series of rhythmic muscular contractions that move food through the digestive tract
Term
Gastric fluid
Definition
A liquid secreted by gastric glands in the stomach
Term
Ulcer
Definition
A lesion of the surface of the skin or a mucous membrane; sometimes occurs in the digestive system
Term
Cardiac sphincter
Definition
A circular muscle located between the esophagus and the stomach
Term
Chyme
Definition
The mixture formed in the stomach from digested food particles and gastric fluid
Term
Pyloric sphincter
Definition
The circular muscle that controls the flow of chyme from the stomach to the small intestine
Term
Gallbladder
Definition
A sac-shaped organ that stores bile produced by the liver
Term
Villus
Definition
One of the many tiny projections from the cells in the lining of the small intestine
Term
Colon
Definition
A section of the large intestine
Term
Nervous system
Definition
The structures that control the actions and reactions of the body in response to stimuli from the environment; it is formed by billions of specialized nerve cells, called neurons
Term
Neuron
Definition
A nerve cell that is specialized to receive and conduct electrical impulses
Term
Dendrite
Definition
A cytoplasmic extension of a neuron that receives stimuli
Term
Axon
Definition
An elongated extension of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body
Term
Action potential
Definition
A sudden change in the polarity of the membrane of a neuron, gland cell, or muscle fiber that facilitates the transmission of electrical impulses
Term
Axon terminal
Definition
The end of an axon
Term
Myelin sheath
Definition
A layer of fatty material that surrounds certain nerve fibers and that acts as an electrical insulator
Term
Synapse
Definition
The junction at which the end of the axon of a neuron meets the end of a dendrite or the cell body of another neuron or meets another cell
Term
Neurotransmitter
Definition
A chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse
Term
Membrane potential
Definition
The difference in electric potential between the two sides of a cell membrane
Term
Resting potential
Definition
The electric potential across the cell membrane of a nerve cell or muscle cell when the cell is not active
Term
Refractory period
Definition
A short period of time after the stimulation of a nerve during which the nerve cannot be stimulated
Term
Central nervous system
Definition
The brain and the spinal cord; its main function is to control the flow of information in the body
Term
Peripheral nervous system
Definition
All of the parts of the nervous system except for the brain and the spinal cord (the central nervous system); includes the cranial nerves and nerves of the neck, chest, lower back, and pelvis
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
The upper part of the brain that receives sensation and controls movement
Term
Cerebral cortex
Definition
The gray, outer portion of the cerebrum that controls the higher mental functions, general movement, organ function, perception, and behavioral reactions
Term
Brain stem
Definition
The stemlike portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord and that maintains the necessary functions of the body, such as breathing and circulation
Term
Thalamus
Definition
The part of the brain that directs incoming sensory and motor signals to the proper region
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
The region of the brain that coordinates the activities of the nervous and endocrine systems and that controls many body activities related to homeostasis
Term
Medulla oblongata
Definition
The lower portion of the brain stem, which regulates circulation, respiration, and certain special senses
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
A posterior portion of the brain that coordinates muscle movement and controls subconscious activities and some balance functions
Term
Nerve
Definition
A collection of nerve fibers through which impulses travel between the central nervous system and other parts of the body
Term
Sensory receptor
Definition
A specialized structure that contains the ends of sensory neurons and that responds to specific types of stimuli
Term
Motor neuron
Definition
A nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands
Term
Interneuron
Definition
A neuron located between the afferent neuron and the final neuron in a neural chain
Term
Somatic nervous system
Definition
The portion of the neural structure that provides nerve connections to the skin, skeleton, and muscles of the body, but not to the viscera, blood vessels, and glands
Term
Reflex
Definition
An involuntary and almost immediate movement in response to a stimulus
Term
Autonomic nervous system
Definition
The part of the nervous system that controls involuntary actions
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