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Digestive System
Digestive system
160
Anatomy
Graduate
03/08/2013

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Term
Functions of Digestive System
Definition
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
Term
Ingestion
Definition
Taking in food
Term
Digestion
Definition
Breaking Food down both physically and chemically
Term
Absorption
Definition
movement of nutrients into the bloodstream
Term
Defecation
Definition
rids the body of indigestible waste
Term
Two main groups of organs
Definition
Alimentary canal
Accessory digestive organs
Term
Alimentary Canal
Definition
GI Tract-continuous coiled hollow tube
these organs ingest digest absorb and defecate
Term
Accessory digestive organs
Definition
teeth, tongue, and other large digestive organs
Term
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
Definition
Organs of the Alimentary Canal
Term
Uvula
Definition
fleshy projection of the soft palate
Term
Mastication
Definition
chewing of food
Term
Tongue
Definition
initiates swallowing, allows sense of taste
Term
Serves as a passageway for air and food
Definition
Pharynx
Term
Food Movement is by alternating contractions of the muscle layers
Definition
peristalsis
Term
Esophagus
Definition
passageway for food only
Term
Four layers from deep to superficial
Definition
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa
Term
Mucosa
Definition
Innermost moist membrane consisting of
surface epithelium
small amount of connective tissue
small smooth muscle layer
Term
Submucosa
Definition
Just beneath mucosa
Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and lymphatics
Term
Muscularis externa
Definition
Smooth muscle
Inner circular layer
Outer longitudinal layer
Term
Serosa
Definition
Outermost layer of the wall contains fluid-producing cells
Term
Visceral peritoneum
Definition
outermost layer that is continuous with the innermost layer
Term
Parietal Peritoneum
Definition
innermost layer that lines the abdominopelvic cavity
Term
Submucosal nerve plexus
Myenteric nerve plexus
Definition
Regulates mobility and secretory activity of the GI tract organs
Term
Two important nerve plexuses in alimentary canal, both are part of the autonomic nervous system
Definition
Submucosal nerve plexus
Myenteric nerve plexus
Term
Stomach location
Definition
on left side of abdominal cavity
Term
Where does food enter in the stomach
Definition
cardioesophageal sphincter
Term
Where does food empty in the stomach
Definition
pyloric sphincter
Term
Regions of the stomach
Definition
Cardiac region
Fundus
Body
Pylorus
Term
Cardiac region
Definition
near he heart
Term
Fundus
Definition
expanded protion lateral to the cardiac region
Term
Body
Definition
Midportion
Term
Pylorus
Definition
funnel-shaped terminal end
Term
Rugae
Definition
internal folds of the mucosa
Term
Muscularis externa
Definition
has a third layer, helps to churn, mix and pummel food
Term
Where does the chemical breakdown of protein begin?
Definition
Stomach
Term
Chyme
Definition
processed food
Term
Chief Cells
Definition
produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)
Term
Parietal cells
Definition
produce hydrochloric acid
Term
Enteroendocrine Cells
Definition
produce gastrin
Term
The body's major digestive organ
Definition
small intestine
Term
Small intestine
Definition
site of nutrient absorption
Term
Subdivisions of small intestine
Definition
duodenum
jejunum
lieum
Term
Duodenum
Definition
attached to the stomach
curves around the head of the pancreas
Term
Jejunum
Definition
attaches anteriorly to the duodenum
Term
Ileum
Definition
extends from jejunum to large intestine
Term
Three structural modifications to increase surface area
Definition
Mircrovilli
Villi
Circular folds
Term
Microvilli
Definition
tiny projections of the plasma membrane (create a brush border appearance)
Term
Villi
Definition
finger like structures formed by the mucosa
Term
Circular folds (pilcae circulares)
Definition
deep folds of mucosa and submucosa
Term
Large intestine
Definition
Larger in diameter but shorter in length
Term
Subdivisions of Large intestine
Definition
Cecum
Appendix
Colon
Rectum
Anal Canal
Term
Cecum
Definition
Saclike first part of the large intestine
Term
Appendix
Definition
Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes inflamed
Hangs from cecum
Term
Colon
Definition
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
Term
Ascending
Definition
Travels up right side of abdomen
Term
Transverse
Definition
Travels across the abdominal cavity
Term
Descending
Definition
Travels down the left side
Term
Sigmoid
Definition
S Shaped region enters the pelvis
Term
What else is located in the pelvis
Definition
Rectum and anus
Term
Anus
Definition
opening of the large intestine
external anal sphincter
muscle under voluntary control
Term
Gobliet cells
Definition
produce alkaline mucus which lubricates the passage of feces
Term
haustra- pocketlike sacs
Definition
Muscularis externa layer is reduced to three bands of muscle called the teniae coli, when these walls pucker
Term
Full set of teeth
Definition
32
Term
Enamel
Definition
hardest substance in the body
Term
Dentin
Definition
found deep to the enamel and forms the bulk of the tooth
Term
Saliva
Definition
Contains salivary amylase to being starch digestion
Term
Pancreas
Definition
Found posterior to the parietal peritoneum, location is retroperitoneal
Term
Hormones produced by the pancreas
Definition
Insulin
Glucagon
Term
Liver
Definition
largest gland in the body
right side
Term
Bile
Definition
produced by cells in the liver
Term
Bile is composed of
Definition
Bile salts
Bile pigments (mostly bilirubin from the breakdown of hemoglobin)
Cholesterol
Phospholipids
Electrolytes
Term
Function of bile
Definition
emulsify fats by physically breaking large fat globules into smaller ones
Term
Function of gallbladder
Definition
Stores bile, when digestion of fatty food is occuring bile is introduced into the duodenum from
Term
Gallstones
Definition
crystallized cholesterol
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that squeezes food along the GI tract
Term
Mechanical digestion
Definition
Mixing food in mouth by the tongue
Churning food in the stomach
Segmentation in the small intestine
Term
Chemical digestion
Definition
Enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks
Term
Carbohydrates are broken down into
Definition
simple sugars
Term
Proteins are broken to
Definition
amino acids
Term
Fats are broken to
Definition
fatty acids and alcohols
Term
End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph
Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries
Definition
Absorption
Term
Defecation
Definition
Elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract in the form of feces
Term
What controls the digestive activity
Definition
controlled by reflexes via the parasympathetic division
Term
Digestion activities of the mouth
Definition
mechanical breakdown
chemical digestion
Term
Pharynx and esophagus
Definition
these have no digestive function, serve as passageways to the stomach
Term
Buccal Phase
Definition
Voluntary
Occurs in mouth
Food is formed into a bolus
Term
What forces food into the pharynx
Definition
The bolus is forced by the tongue
Term
What kind of transport is the bolus into the pharyngeal-esophageal phase?
Definition
Involuntary
Term
What is gastric juice regulated by
Definition
neural and hormonal factors
Term
What is the hormone in the stomach
Definition
gastrin
Term
Gastrin causes stomach glands to produce
Definition
Protein-digesting enzymes
mucus
hydrochloric acid
Term
What makes the stomach contents acidic?
Definition
Hydrochloric acid
Term
Protein digestion enzymes
Definition
Pepsin
Rennin
Term
Pepsin
Definition
an active protein-digesting enzyme
Term
Rennin
Definition
works on digesting milk protein in infants, not adults
Term
What are the only two items absorbed in the stomach
Definition
alcohol
aspirin
Term
How long does it take for the stomach to empty
Definition
4-5 hours
Term
Small Intestine
Definition
Helps complete digestion of starch (pancreatic amylase)
Carry about half of all protein digestion
Digest fats using lipases
Digest nucleic acids
Term
Release of pancreatic juice into the duodenum is stimulated by
Definition
vagus nerve
Local hormones
Term
Local Hormones
Definition
Secretin
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Term
Secretin
Definition
causes the liver to increase the bile output
Term
CCK
Definition
causes the gallbladder to release stored bile
Term
What is bile necessary for
Definition
fat absorption and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (K,D,A)
Term
Large intestine
Definition
no digestive enzymes are produced
Water and vitamins K and B are absorbed
Term
What does feces contain
Definition
undigested food residues
mucus
bacteria
water
Term
When does defecation occur?
Definition
With relaxation of the voluntary (external) anal sphincter
Term
Nutrient
Definition
substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair
Term
Major nutrients
Definition
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Water
Term
Minor Nutrients
Definition
Vitamins
Minerals
Term
Carbohydrates
Definition
derived fromn plants
Term
Lipids
Definition
Saturataed fats from animal products
Unsaturated fats from nuts, seeds, and vegetable oils
Cholesterol from egg yolk, meats, and milk products
Term
Proteins
Definition
most are from animal products
essential amino acids are ones that our bodies cannot make
Term
Vitamins
Definition
Most are used as coenzymes
Term
Minerals
Definition
Most foods are vegetables, legumes, milk and some meats
Term
Catbolism
Definition
substances are broken down to simpler substances; energy is release
Term
Anabolism
Definition
larger molecules are built from smaller ones
Term
Carbohydrates are the body's preffered source to produce cellular energy
Definition
ATP
Term
Glucose
Definition
blood sugar
Term
Glycolyis
Definition
energizes a glucose molecule so it can be split into two pyruvic acid molecules and yield ATP
Term
Krebs cycle
Definition
Produces virtually all the carbon dioxide and water resulting from cell respiration
Yields a small amount of ATP
Term
Electron Transport Chain
Definition
Hydrogen atoms removed during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are delivered to protein carriers
Hydrogen is split into hydrogen ions and electrons in the mitochondria
Electrons give off energy in a series of steps to enable the production of ATP
Term
Hyperglycemia
Definition
Excessively high leves of glucose in the blood
Term
Excess glucose is stored in body cells as
Definition
glycogen
Term
If blood glucose levels are still too high excesses are converted to
Definition
fat
Term
Hypoglycemia
Definition
low levels of glucose in the blood
liver breaks down stored glycogen and releases glucose into the blood
Term
Fat metabolism
Definition
Handled mostly by the liver
Term
Acidosis (ketoacidosis)
Definition
results from incomplete fat oxidation in which acetoacetic acid and acetone accumulate in the blood
Term
Symptoms of Acidosis
Definition
fruity odor
Term
Acidosis is common with
Definition
"no carbohydrate" diets
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
starvation
Term
What converts harmful ammonia to urea which can be eliminated in urine
Definition
liver
Term
Role of liver
Definition
manufactures bile
detoxifies drugs and alcohol
degrades hormones
produces cholesterol, blood proteins
Plays a central role in metabolism
Term
What can regenerate if part of it is damaged or removed
Definition
liver
Term
Glycogenesis
Definition
glycogen formation
glucose molecules are converted to glycogen
glyogen molecules are stored in the liver
Term
Glycogenolysis
Definition
glucose splitting
glucose is released from the liver after conversion from glycogen
Term
Gluconeogensis
Definition
formation of new sugar
glucose is produced from fats and proteins
Term
Is cholesterol used to make ATP
Definition
No
Term
Functions of cholesterol
Definition
serves as a structural basis of steroid hormones and vitamin D
Term
Where is cholesterol produced
Definition
liver
Term
Cannot freely circulate in the bloodstream
Definition
Cholesterol and fatty acids
Term
LDL
Definition
low density lipoproteins transport to body cells
Bad lipoproteins
Term
artherosclerosis
Definition
hardening of the arteries
Term
HDLS
Definition
High-density lipoproteins
Term
The energy liberated during food oxidation
Definition
energy intake
Term
Energy output
Definition
energy we lose as heat (60%)
energy stored as fat or glycogen
Term
Mechanisms that may regulate food intake
Definition
levels of nutrients in the blood
Hormones
Body temperature
psychological factors
Term
BMR
Definition
Basic metabolic rate- amount of heat produced by the body per unit of time at rest
Term
Factors that influence BMR
Definition
Surface area smaller body has higher BMR
Gender males tend to have higher BMR
Age children and adolescents have higher
Term
Effect of thyroxine on BMR
Definition
The more thyroxine means a higher metabolic rate
Term
Body Temperature
Definition
96-100
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
the body's thermostat
Term
Heat promoting mechanisms
Definition
vasoconstriction of blood vessels
shivering
Term
Heat loss mechanisms
Definition
heat loss from the skin via radiation and evaporation
Term
Fever
Definition
controlled hyperthermia
Term
Alimentary canal is developed by the
Definition
fifth week
Term
The developing fetus receives all nutrients through the
Definition
placenta
Term
Newborn reflexes
Definition
rooting-finding nipple
sucking-hold on to nipple and swallow
Term
Gastroenteritis
Definition
inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract
Term
Appendicitis
Definition
inflammation of the appendix
Term
Metabolism
Definition
decreases with old age
Term
Ulcers
Gallbladder problems
Definition
middle-age digestive problems
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