Term
| main functions of digestive system (3) |
|
Definition
| processes food, extracts nutrients, eliminates waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gastrointestinal tract of alimentary canal |
|
|
Term
| Food does not "enter" the body until it is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About how long is the GI tract? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general function of mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general function of pharynx and esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| general function of stomach |
|
Definition
| mechanical digestion; absorption of water and alcohol |
|
|
Term
| general function of small intestine |
|
Definition
| chemical and mechanical digestion, and absorption |
|
|
Term
| general function of large intestine |
|
Definition
| absorb electrolytes and vitamins (B & K) |
|
|
Term
| general function of rectum and anus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the GI tract (inside to out)? |
|
Definition
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
4. Serosa |
|
|
Term
| What is the sentence for layers of the GI tract? |
|
Definition
Michigan Sucks Michigan Sucks!
Mucky Submarines Must Sink |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers in the mucosal layer? |
|
Definition
Epithelium,
lamina propria,
muscularis mucosae. |
|
|
Term
| In the epithelium layer of the mucosal layer, what kinds of tissues are where? |
|
Definition
Tough tissue (stratified squamous) in mouth, esophagus, and anus.
More fragile tissue (simple columnar) everywhere else. |
|
|
Term
| The epithelium layer of the mucosal layer secretes _____ and absorbs _______ . |
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Definition
| The _______ layer of the mucosal layer secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| In the epithelium layer of the mucosal layer - secrete mucous onto cell surfaces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the epithelium layer of the mucosal layer - secrete hormones controlling organ function. |
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|
Term
| Lamina propria layer of the mucosal layer: def. and contains what? |
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Definition
| thin layer of loose connective tissue; contains blood vessels and lymphatic tissue. |
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Term
| Muscularis mucosae layer of the mucosal layer: def, functions |
|
Definition
| very thin layer of smooth muscle; causes folds to form in mucosal layer, and increases local movements which increases absorption by exposing "new" nutrients |
|
|
Term
| submucosa layer: def, contains what? |
|
Definition
=loose connective tissue
-contains blood vessels, glands, and lymphatic tissue |
|
|
Term
| submucosal (Meissner's) plexus |
|
Definition
| part of the submucosal layer; involuntary nerves, innervation; does vasoconstriction, and local movement of muscularis mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscle in the muscularis layer: locations and function |
|
Definition
In mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus, and anus.
Voluntary control over swallowing and defecation |
|
|
Term
| Smooth muscle in the muscularis layer: what kind of control, components of the smooth muscle layer, functions |
|
Definition
Involuntary control
Inner circular fibers and outer longitudinal fibers
Mixes, crushes, and propels food along by peristalsis |
|
|
Term
| In the muscularis layer, the smooth muscle consists of inner ________ fibers and outer _________ fibers. |
|
Definition
| In the muscularis layer, the smooth muscle consists of ______ circular fibers and ________ longitudinal fibers. |
|
|
Term
| What plexus is on the outside of the muscularis layer? |
|
Definition
| Myenteric / Auerbach's plexus |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the myenteric/Auerbach's plexus? |
|
Definition
| Innervation of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers (of muscularis layer). |
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|
Term
| The myenteric/Auerbach's plexus of the ______ layer can be __________/_____________ based on ______. |
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Definition
| The ___________ of the muscularis layer can be stimulated/inhibited based on stress levels. |
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|
Term
| Serosa layer: def, location, function |
|
Definition
Serous membrane
Covers all organs and wall cavities not open to the outside of the body.
Secretes serous fluid (slippery fluid). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Slippery fluid secreted by the serosa layer. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous layer of tissue that covers the abdominal cavity. |
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|
Term
| 2 parts of the peritoneum |
|
Definition
1. Parietal : covers wall of abdominal cavity
2. Visceral : covers organs (same as serosa layer) |
|
|
Term
| mesenteries: =, functions (3) |
|
Definition
| double layers of peritoneum; hold organs in place, prevent friction due to serous fluid, fat deposits cushion organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lesser omentum
Greater omentum
Mesentery proper
Mesocolon |
|
|
Term
| Where is the lesser omentum? |
|
Definition
| Between stomach and liver. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the greater omentum? |
|
Definition
| Stretches down from stomach over small intestine. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the mesentery proper? |
|
Definition
| Holds coils of small intestine in place. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the mesocolon? |
|
Definition
| Holds colon to back of cavity wall. |
|
|
Term
| Peritonitis; =, caused by? |
|
Definition
| acute inflammation of peritoneum; caused by contamination from infectious microbes during surgery or from rupture of abdominal organs |
|
|
Term
| Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma |
|
Definition
| rare cancer where tumors from in peritoneum |
|
|
Term
| Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma almost exclusively affects.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary Peritoneal Carcinoma has a ____ survival rate; patients are usually given _____ after diagnosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General functions of the mouth (4): |
|
Definition
| food intake, mechanical digestion (mastication), chemical digestion, deglutition (swallowing). |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General structures of the mouth: |
|
Definition
| Cheeks, lips, tongue, palate, teeth, and associated muscles. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area between teeth and lips |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| skin that holds lips to gums |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| bony part of roof of mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue part of roof, leading to uvula |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of cells in salivary glands? |
|
Definition
Serous - secrete a watery fluid
Mucous (pale-staining, in slide) - secrete slimy mucous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sac-like clusters of salivary cells that empty into a duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-wets food - easier swallowing
-dissolves food - tasting
-bicarbonate ions buffer acidic foods
-salivary amylase begins chem. digestion of starch
-protects mouth from infection w/ rinsing action
|
|
|
Term
| How much saliva does the body produce per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme in saliva helps destroy bacteria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme in saliva begins the chemical digestion of starch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| myxovirus that attacks the parotid gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inflammation and enlargement of parotid gland
-fever, malaise, sore throat (esp. swallowing sour)
-swelling on one or both sides |
|
|
Term
| When did the vaccine for mumps become available? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscular organ that aids with food manipulation |
|
|
Term
| Where do tongue muscles connect to? |
|
Definition
| hard palate, mandible, hyoid bone, and styloid process. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| skin that connects tongue to floor of mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bumps on tongue; taste buds located on sides of tongue on papillae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| funnel-shaped opening from nasal cavities to larynx/esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 parts of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
| Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
| Food travels from the oral cavity to... |
|
Definition
| oropharynx, laryngopharynx, down the esophagus. |
|
|
Term
| What does the epiglottis do? |
|
Definition
| The epiglottis prevents food from entering the trachea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wavelike muscular contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Tongue collects food/bolus and forces into fauces
-Food enters pharynx
-Blockage happens; esophagus is the only way.
-Food is forced down esophagus via peristalsis. |
|
|
Term
| What kind of blockage happens during deglutition? |
|
Definition
-Tongue blocks oral cavity
-Soft palate blocks nasopharynx
-Larynx lifts up and epiglottis blocks trachea |
|
|
Term
| How long is the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between what two structures does the esophagus run? |
|
Definition
| In front of spine, behind trachea. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where the esophagus pierces the diaphragm
(hiatus = opening) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where the esophagus enters the stomach. |
|
|
Term
| Mucosa layer in the esophagus |
|
Definition
| very smooth layer of epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Submucosa layer in esophagus: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscularis layer in esophagus: |
|
Definition
upper 1/3 - skeletal muscle
middle - mixed
lower 1/3 - smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| lower esophageal sphincter |
|
Definition
| at the end of the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| True/false: The esophagus has a serosal layer along its entire length. |
|
Definition
| False: There is not a serosal layer above the diaphragm; there is a serosal layer below the diaphragm. |
|
|
Term
| Above the diaphragm, what takes the place of the serosal layer on the esophagus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous connective tissue that replaces the serosal layer on the esophagus above the diaphragm. |
|
|
Term
| distention of esophagus; feels like and caused by? |
|
Definition
| ballooning/enlargement of esophagus feels like chest pain or heart attack; is caused by the lower esophageal sphincter not opening. |
|
|
Term
| If lower esophageal sphincter fails to close... |
|
Definition
| GERD - stomach acids enter esophagus and cause heartburn (gastrointestinal reflux disorder) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gastrointestinal reflux disorder |
|
|
Term
| Eating a large meal and laying down in front of the tv is not good for... |
|
Definition
| ...a weak esophageal sphincter. |
|
|
Term
| Smoking and alcohol make gastroesophageal situations _______ because they cause the _________ to ___________. |
|
Definition
| _________ and __________ make gastroesophageal situations worse because they cause the esophageal sphincter to relax. |
|
|
Term
| Stomach: looks like, where? |
|
Definition
| j-shaped organ in upper left abdominal cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cardiac - top, near sphincter
2. fundus - top
3. body - middle
4. pyloric - bottom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bottom, bigger curve of stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| top, smaller curve of stomach |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick folds of tissue that look like wrinkles |
|
|
Term
| What layers of the stomach form rugae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small holes in mucosa layer of stomach |
|
|
Term
| The base of a gastric pit splits into ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gastric pits/glands: function |
|
Definition
| secrete substances important for digestion. |
|
|
Term
| Gastric pits are folded into... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 types of gastric gland cells: |
|
Definition
1.mucous neck cells - secrete mucous
2.parietal cells - secrete hydrochloric acid + intrinsic factor
3.chief cells: secrete pipsinogen
4.enteroendocrine: secrete hormones and paracrine messengers |
|
|
Term
| Functions of gastric secretions: mucous neck cells |
|
Definition
| SECRETE MUCOUS: lubricates lumen for food passage |
|
|
Term
| Functions of gastric secretions: parietal cells |
|
Definition
| SECRETE HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND INTRINSIC FACTOR: HCl activates pepsinogen, breaks up connective tissue + plant cell walls, protects body by killing bacteria; intrinsic factor absorbs B12 |
|
|
Term
| Functions of gastric secretions: chief cells |
|
Definition
| SECRETE PEPSINOGEN: active form, pepsin, breaks down proteins |
|
|
Term
| Functions of gastric secretions: Enteroendocrine cells |
|
Definition
| SECRETE HORMONES + PARACRINE MESSENGERS: Ex, paracrine is a histamine --- stimulates HCl secretion |
|
|
Term
| Is the submucosal layer of the stomach similar to the submucosal layer of the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| Yes; also, it is folded into the rugae of the stomach. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 layers in the muscularis layer of the stomach? |
|
Definition
1. outer longitudinal
2. middle circular
3. inner oblique |
|
|
Term
| What is the function 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis layer of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| Greater mixing of stomach contents. |
|
|
Term
| Pacemaker cells in the _______ layer of the muscularis layer of the stomach helps produce __________ muscle contractions. |
|
Definition
| outer longitudinal; peristaltic |
|
|
Term
| Where does the serosal layer of the stomach begin? |
|
Definition
| Inferior to the diaphragm. |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the serosal layer of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| visceral peritoneal layer. |
|
|
Term
| Length of small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 parts of small intestine, w/ lengths: |
|
Definition
1. duodenum - 10 inches
2. jejunum - 8 ft
3. ilium - 12 ft |
|
|
Term
| Where does the small intestine end? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| folds in small intestine = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between stomach rugae and small intestine plicae circulares? |
|
Definition
| Plicare circulares cannot expand like rugae. |
|
|
Term
| Plicae circulae have ______ and _______ layers. |
|
Definition
| Plicae circulae have mucosal and submucosal layers. |
|
|
Term
| Plicae circulae are covered in ________ , which make up the ________ layer of plicae circulae. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Villi cells have ________ from the _________. |
|
Definition
| brush borders; microvilli. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in mucosa layer of stomach; similar to gastric glands |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cells are in intestinal crypts? |
|
Definition
| goblet cells (mucous-producing cells), absorptive cells, stem cells, and cells that protect from infection. |
|
|
Term
| What are nutrients absorbed by? |
|
Definition
| Nutrients are absorbed by the cells of villi. |
|
|
Term
| How do nutrients enter the blood stream? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do absorbed nutrients go to the liver? |
|
Definition
| Through the hepatic portal system. |
|
|
Term
| The __________________ is a "stop" before blood goes back to the __________. |
|
Definition
| The hepatic portal system is a _______ before blood goes back to the heart. |
|
|
Term
| General function of liver: |
|
Definition
| helps remove absorbed nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Where do absorbed nutrients go? |
|
Definition
-Nutrients absorbed by cells of villi and enter blood stream via vein.
-Nutrients go to liver via the hepatic portal system; liver helps remove absorbed nutrients. |
|
|
Term
| How long is the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How thick is the pancreas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the head of the pancreas close to? |
|
Definition
| The head of the pancreas is close to the the curve in the j-shaped duodenum. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bile and pancreatic duct that empties into the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Where does the pancreas open? |
|
Definition
| into duodenum, 4 inches below the pyloric sphincter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue in pancreas; produce hormones; 1% of a pancreatic gland; pale-staining in slide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue in pancreas; 99% of gland, pale-staining in slide; produce pancreatic juice. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main components of pancreatic juice? |
|
Definition
a) water
b) enzymes - help with digestion
c) sodium bicarbonate - neurtralize stomach acids |
|
|
Term
| What are the enzymes in pancreatic juice? |
|
Definition
pancreatic amylase - digests starch
pancreatic lipase - digests fat
proteases - digests proteins
ribonucleases - nueutralizes stomach acids |
|
|
Term
| What does pancreatic amylase do, and where does it come from? |
|
Definition
| digests starch; in pancreatic juice |
|
|
Term
| Where does pancreatic lipase, and where does it come from? |
|
Definition
| digests fat; in pancreatic juice |
|
|
Term
| What do proteases do, and where do they come from? |
|
Definition
| digests proteins; in pancreatic juice |
|
|
Term
| What do sodium bicarbonates do, and where do they come from? |
|
Definition
| neutralizes stomach acids; in pancreatic juice. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hepatocytes are arranged in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lobules are _____ in shape. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lobule has a ______ _______ surrounded by ______ and __________. |
|
Definition
| central vein; cords; sinusoids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arrangements of hepatocytes (lobule) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gaps filled with blood (lobule) |
|
|
Term
| Lobules are bordered by _________ ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hepatic vein, artery, bile ductile |
|
|
Term
| function of lobules/liver = |
|
Definition
| absorb nutrients from GI tract and cleanse blood. |
|
|
Term
| Blood is collected from the the GI tract through the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When blood is first collected from the GI tract, is it ________ rich and _________poor. |
|
Definition
| nutrient rich/ oxygen poor |
|
|
Term
| Blood flow through lobule |
|
Definition
- Blood collected from GI tract through HPV
-travels to hepatic veins of triads and through lobule
-leaves lobule through central vein to heart
-Arterial blood from hepatic artery also flows through lobules, supplying oxygen to liver. |
|
|
Term
| How does blood travel out of a lobule to the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What creates bile, and how does it get to the gallbladder? |
|
Definition
| lobules/hepatocytes create bile and it blows to gallbladder via ductiles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| helps w/ digestion and removal of wastes from the liver. |
|
|
Term
| Components of bile: which aid in digestion, and which aid in waste? |
|
Definition
bile salts - digestion
lechithin - digestion
cholestrol - waste
bile pigments - waste |
|
|
Term
| Bile salts: = and function |
|
Definition
= bile acids conjugated w/ potassium or sodium
-fat emulsification |
|
|
Term
| What is lechithin and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| A component of bile; aids in digestion |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cholestrol? |
|
Definition
| Cholestrol, a component of bile, is produced in and removed by the liver as waste. |
|
|
Term
| What does hemoglobin break down into, and what are the parts' functions? |
|
Definition
heme = broken down into iron and bilirubin
globin = a reuseable protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a pigment of bile
gives bile, urine, and feces color |
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